The men that had written Richard's History
Posted July 29th, 2012 at 01:08 PM by Crystal Rainbow
King Richard III
XIII
There was little that had known of Richard’s domestic life, as little had survived about the relationships he had with the women in his life. There was a letter that was addressed to his mother that had survived. His mother had seen and suffered much in her life. In her later years, the proud lady who was known as the lovely Rose of Raby, had led her life by following a regimen as strict in her religion. She stayed in her castle of Berkhamsted.
‘I recommend me to you as heartily as is to me possible, beseeching you in my most humble and effectuous wise of your daily blessing to my singular comfort and defence in my need. And, Madam, I heartily beseech you that I may often hear from you to my comfort…And I pray God send you the accomplishment of your noble desires…Your most humble son…’
It seemed that Richard had the utmost respect for his mother, she was a pious and devout religious lady. Richard had been influenced by his mother’s piety, as there are traces of the way that Richard had expressed his interests in his foundation of chapels, colleges, chantries and the hospital that he founded in York, which had been recorded in the chronicles of York. He there a various mentions in Chronicles that he had often sent gifts for the repair of churches. The letter show’s Richard seemed to have deep respect for his mother and was very humble in the way he had written that letter. His Marriage to Anne was a happy one, the Tudor Historians had found they were hard pushed to make up any stories about Richard being wickedness towards his wife Anne. There was a dear and sweet remark he made in a account book for gifts in 1484, ‘for my “most beloved consort”. Mancini had stated about the purity of Richard and Anne’s Marriage and had been a happy and faithful one, which was strange in a time when, had married nobleman had taken mistress’s as the normal thing to do. Richard did acknowledged two bastard offspring, whom he had regarded, as natural born before his marriage to Anne. The mother was called Katherine Haute and was a relative of Elizabeth Woodville and was at court when Richard was a young teenager. Katherine Haute had given birth to a girl and a boy, the girl was named Katherine Plantagenet and she was married in 1484 to a William Herbert, Earl of Huntington. Richard had given the couple property that was worth 1000 marks a year and a further annuity of £152 10s 10d. The son was known as John of Gloucester or John of Pontefract he was born 1470 and was knighted on the 8th of September 1483 in York. John had been in Calais in November, when the Earl of Oxford had escaped from is prison at Hammes. Richard was officially had appointed him Captain of Calais on the 11th of March 1485, when he was aged fifteen. There was a letter that survived which Richard had referred to his son as “our dear son, our bastard John of Gloucester, whose quickness of mind, agility of body and inclination to all good customs give us great hope’. It had also had mentioned that Richard Brackenbury was entrusted in his safety. After Richard was killed in battle, Henry Tudor had removed John from his position of Captain of Calais. In 1486, there was a reference that Henry Tudor had granted him an annual income of £20 pound sterling. In 1491 he was executed in his twenty first year of his life and it was made known that he had no known descendants.
During his time as Duke of Gloucester he was in the middle of family feuds between the Duke of Clarence and Edward. During that time Richard had still remained loyal to the King his brother Edward. When the death of Clarence happened Richard had distanced himself from the court because of the Woodvilles. As Dominic Mancini had quoted, (following Clarence’s death Richard of Gloucester) came very rarely to court. He kept himself within his own lands and set out to acquire the loyalty of his people through favours and justice. The good reputation of his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers. Such was his renown in warfare that, whenever a difficult and dangerous policy had to be undertaken, it would be entrusted to his discretion and his generalship. By these skills Richard acquired the favour of the people and avoided the jealousy of the queen, from whom he lived far separated. This did reflect that Richard had little time for his brother Edward’s Queen and her family, but he still remained loyal to his brother Edward. There is a reference to Edward being very grateful for Richard’s generalmanship during the Scottish Campaign in 1482. Edward had written to the Pope Sixtus about Richard’s Edinburgh campaign. “..who, had not their compassion exceeded all human cupidity, would have instantly doomed the same to plunder and flames. The noble band of victors, however, spared the supplicant and prostrate citizens, the churches, and not only the widows, orphans and minors, but all persons found there unarmed”.
Richard and Anne had produced a sickly son, Edward. His health had caused them endless worry and Anne’s health was never robust and she never produced any other children. Yet Richard had remained loyal and faithful to his wife.
They both shared a love of music and they had a troupe of minstrels, and it had been known that music had smoothed and calm down the trails and worries that had plagued him, when he was King. His choirmaster had searched the length and depth of his kingdom looking for voices of great talent for the royal chapel. When Richard was travelling around the kingdom, musicians had played, hoping for the royal ear to hear. Even when he was travelling, his daily mass was sung so elaborately that a foreign visitor had commented admiringly that his mass was sung so beautifully.
Richard had an eye for beauty, and art form; he had seen beauty in building. He had taken great interest in re-edifying castles, palaces and churches. On one occasion he sent for the best stone from across the sea from Caen. He had made some amazing amount contributions towards two architectural wonders of Richard’s day. Richard had contributed £300 to the King’s College chapel, Cambridge had under gone improvements and five bays had been completed and a timber roof had been erected in 1485 despite having problems with Henry Tudor and his followers. He had also made an annuity of 250 marks for the finishing of St George’s chapel.
Richard did have a love of literature, but there are only the scantiest record remains of the books that he must have owned. An English version of Renatus’s De re militari, a French chronicle, a folio volume of tales, including two of Chaucer’s on a leaf of which is written in Richard’s hand ‘tant le desieree R. Gloucestre’
Richard was known for having a good sense of humour he sent this letter to John Russell in 1483. ‘Signifying unto you, that it is showed unto us, that our servant and solicitor, Thomas Lynom, marvellously blinded and abused with the late wife of William Shore, now being in Ludgate by our commandment, hath made contract of matrimony with her, as it is said; and intendeth, to our full great marvel, to proceed to effect the same. We, for many causes, would be very sorry that he should be so disposed; and pray you, therefore, to send for him, in that ye goodly may exhort and stir him to the contrary. And, if ye find him utter set for to marry her, and none otherwise would be advertised, then, if it may stand with the law of the church, we be content ( the time of marriage being deferred to our coming next to London ) that, upon sufficient surety being found of her good a-bearing, ye do send for her keeper, and discharge him of our commandment by warrant of these; committing her to the rule and guiding of her father or any other, by your discretion in the mean season.’ In reference to being marvellously blinded and abuse may be related towards when she had become Hastings mistress after the death of Edward IV.
To access what was Richard was really like, as with his behaviour towards his nobles, they is evidence that the nobles did not give him the respect that was due to a king. Richard had invited William Stanley to go hunting with him. Stanley had replied that he regretfully that he is too pressed by his duties and there is no hope of getting leave at present and called him ‘old Dick’. It was not the way you would address a King; it seems that Stanley had an element of resentment when he had written that letter during the last months of Richard’s life.
There are records that survived from a diary of a German traveller, who had a different opinion on what he throught of Richard. Nicolas von Poppelau had written about his account of a nine days trip and stay in King Richard’s household. This is the only account that survived which looks into the real King Richard and his daily life and family life in Middleham.
Nicolas von Poppelau had landed in London on 16th of April 1484 and he had set out travelling northwards towards Yorkshire to meet the King, he reached Middleham at Middleham Castle in early May. During this time Middleham had been plunged into morning as Richard and Anne had just lost their only child Edward. Nicolas von Poppelau was visiting the Richard on behalf from the Emperor Maximilian. Richard had made Nicolas welcome as he had received letters of introduction from the Emperor and Nicolas had delivered a Latin oration, which Nicolas had noted, elicited the admiration of all. The King taking him graciously by the hand and ordering a chamberlain to conduct him to his lodgings. He had reported the next morning that he attended a magnificent singing of the Mass and was then admitted to the royal entourage in order to watch Richard at dinner.
‘Afterwards the King spoke quite alone with Nicolas von Poppelau, and asked him a great deal about the emperor and the princes of the empire. They had finally reached on the subject of the Turks, and Nicolas had told Richard about the victory over the Turk gained by the King of Hungary before St Martin’s day in 1483. Richard had cried out, ‘ I wish that my kingdom lay upon the confines of Turkey; with my own people alone and without the help of other princes I should like to drive away not only the Turks, but all my foes’.
During the rest of the visit to Middleham, Nicolas had dined at Richard’s table and was given a golden necklace as a present. Nicolas had further commented that he had found nothing good to say about the English people, but he added that he had admired their King. He had Nicolas had also mentioned about Richard’s appearance as, ‘..three fingers taller than myself…also much more lean; he had delicate arms and legs, also a great heart..’.
It’s hard to think of his image as that of a cruel and heartless uncle that had murdered his two nephews to be a King and had a hunched back. Archibald Whitelaw, the Scottish Ambassador in 1484 had written about him and used in a speech. ‘Never before has nature dared to encase in a smaller body such spirit and strength’. ‘In his small body the greatest valor held sway’. Archibald Whitelaw had written much about what King Richard was really like as he writes about his virtue at an address on 12th of September 1484. Most serene Prince and King. Of all the sovereigns whom I have known, you stand out as the greatest in the renown of your nobility, in your sway over your people, in your strength of arms, and in the wealth of resources at every form of virtue [has] reached into every corner of the world; moreover, there is the excellent and outstanding humanity of you innate benevolence, your clemency, your liberality, your good faith, your supreme justice, and your incredible greatness of heart. Your wisdom is not just human, it is almost divine: for you make yourself not simply at ease with important individuals, but courteous to the common people too. I look for the first time upon your face; it is a countenance worthy of the highest power and kingliness, illuminated by moral and heroic virtue. Fitting for you are the words which the post Statius used of the noble prince of Thebes. He also had written about Richard’s leadership skills, ‘For you are the embodiment of military skill, prowess, good fortune and authority – all qualities which Cicero, in his eulogy of Pompey, declares should be sought in the best military leader… In you, however, most serene Prince, all the requirements of a good king and general come together… Were Cicero still alive, his skills would scarcely suffice to describe your virtues fully or sing your praises to the skies’.
Even the historians after his death at Bosworth, had some good things to write about him as Sir Thomas More had quoted from Dr Shaa. “ This is that very noble prince, the special patron of knightly prowess, which as well in all princely behavior, as in lineaments and favor of his visage, represents the very face of the noble Duke of York his father.
There is a statement that Richard used that was typical of his nature that was stated from John Rous, in 1486. “ This King Richard was praiseworthy for his building, as at Westminster, Nottingham, Warwick, York and Middleham, and many other places, which can be viewed. He founded a noble chantry for a hundred priests in the Cathedral of York, and another at Middleham. He founded another in the church of St. Mary of Barking, by the Tower of London, and endowed the Queen’s College at Cambridge with 500 marks annual rent. The money which was offered him by the peoples of London, Gloucester, and Worcester he declined with thanks, affirming that he would rather have their love than their treasure.
Sir Thomas More was born in 1478, and had been educated by John Morton, who had been promoted to the Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of England. He did write The History of Richard III, the book was very anti Richardian and it had established that Richard III was a tyrant. Henry VII had hailed the book as a masterpiece in 1515. More is the pity ‘Utopia’ did not receive the same acknowledgement from the King. It was published in 1516, he had written much superior work which had been acknowledgement from intellectual circles of the day. It was a description of an imaginary republic ruled by reason and its was intended to make a contrast with the strife ridden reality of what was going on in the politics of his day.
Polydore Vergil was an Italian historian that was hired by Henry VII to write the history of England. He further worked with Henry VIII, but he moved back to his old country when Protestantism had taken hold in England.
There was a historian called John Stow, who was born in London in1525 and had come from a modest background. He worked his way through the trade as a tailor and had learnt how to read and write. He had started to collect books and make notes and he had developed an antiquarian taste in the books that he was collecting. This had brought him under ecclesiastical suspicion, ‘with many dangerous and superstitious books in his possession’. He managed to escape any harm when his house was searched in 1568 and 1570. He lived until 6th of April 1605 where his last few years he was able to have more freedom to write under the reign of James I of England. Sir George Buck had quoted him in 1619 on Richard III. “One of these is the honest John Stow, who could not flatter and speak dishonestly, and who was a man very diligent and much inquisitive to uncover all things concerning the affairs or words or persons of princes. And he was very curious in (his) description of their forms, their favours, and of all the lineaments of their bodies…And further, he said that he had spoken with old and grave men who had often seen King Richard, and that they affirmed that he was of person and bodily shape comely enough, but they said that he was very low of stature." It had seemed that George Buck was discrediting the work of Shakespeare. Whose authorship was just a pen name, and it has been suggested that the real author was Francis Bacon, which was rumoured to be the natural son of Elizabeth Tudor.
XIII
There was little that had known of Richard’s domestic life, as little had survived about the relationships he had with the women in his life. There was a letter that was addressed to his mother that had survived. His mother had seen and suffered much in her life. In her later years, the proud lady who was known as the lovely Rose of Raby, had led her life by following a regimen as strict in her religion. She stayed in her castle of Berkhamsted.
‘I recommend me to you as heartily as is to me possible, beseeching you in my most humble and effectuous wise of your daily blessing to my singular comfort and defence in my need. And, Madam, I heartily beseech you that I may often hear from you to my comfort…And I pray God send you the accomplishment of your noble desires…Your most humble son…’
It seemed that Richard had the utmost respect for his mother, she was a pious and devout religious lady. Richard had been influenced by his mother’s piety, as there are traces of the way that Richard had expressed his interests in his foundation of chapels, colleges, chantries and the hospital that he founded in York, which had been recorded in the chronicles of York. He there a various mentions in Chronicles that he had often sent gifts for the repair of churches. The letter show’s Richard seemed to have deep respect for his mother and was very humble in the way he had written that letter. His Marriage to Anne was a happy one, the Tudor Historians had found they were hard pushed to make up any stories about Richard being wickedness towards his wife Anne. There was a dear and sweet remark he made in a account book for gifts in 1484, ‘for my “most beloved consort”. Mancini had stated about the purity of Richard and Anne’s Marriage and had been a happy and faithful one, which was strange in a time when, had married nobleman had taken mistress’s as the normal thing to do. Richard did acknowledged two bastard offspring, whom he had regarded, as natural born before his marriage to Anne. The mother was called Katherine Haute and was a relative of Elizabeth Woodville and was at court when Richard was a young teenager. Katherine Haute had given birth to a girl and a boy, the girl was named Katherine Plantagenet and she was married in 1484 to a William Herbert, Earl of Huntington. Richard had given the couple property that was worth 1000 marks a year and a further annuity of £152 10s 10d. The son was known as John of Gloucester or John of Pontefract he was born 1470 and was knighted on the 8th of September 1483 in York. John had been in Calais in November, when the Earl of Oxford had escaped from is prison at Hammes. Richard was officially had appointed him Captain of Calais on the 11th of March 1485, when he was aged fifteen. There was a letter that survived which Richard had referred to his son as “our dear son, our bastard John of Gloucester, whose quickness of mind, agility of body and inclination to all good customs give us great hope’. It had also had mentioned that Richard Brackenbury was entrusted in his safety. After Richard was killed in battle, Henry Tudor had removed John from his position of Captain of Calais. In 1486, there was a reference that Henry Tudor had granted him an annual income of £20 pound sterling. In 1491 he was executed in his twenty first year of his life and it was made known that he had no known descendants.
During his time as Duke of Gloucester he was in the middle of family feuds between the Duke of Clarence and Edward. During that time Richard had still remained loyal to the King his brother Edward. When the death of Clarence happened Richard had distanced himself from the court because of the Woodvilles. As Dominic Mancini had quoted, (following Clarence’s death Richard of Gloucester) came very rarely to court. He kept himself within his own lands and set out to acquire the loyalty of his people through favours and justice. The good reputation of his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers. Such was his renown in warfare that, whenever a difficult and dangerous policy had to be undertaken, it would be entrusted to his discretion and his generalship. By these skills Richard acquired the favour of the people and avoided the jealousy of the queen, from whom he lived far separated. This did reflect that Richard had little time for his brother Edward’s Queen and her family, but he still remained loyal to his brother Edward. There is a reference to Edward being very grateful for Richard’s generalmanship during the Scottish Campaign in 1482. Edward had written to the Pope Sixtus about Richard’s Edinburgh campaign. “..who, had not their compassion exceeded all human cupidity, would have instantly doomed the same to plunder and flames. The noble band of victors, however, spared the supplicant and prostrate citizens, the churches, and not only the widows, orphans and minors, but all persons found there unarmed”.
Richard and Anne had produced a sickly son, Edward. His health had caused them endless worry and Anne’s health was never robust and she never produced any other children. Yet Richard had remained loyal and faithful to his wife.
They both shared a love of music and they had a troupe of minstrels, and it had been known that music had smoothed and calm down the trails and worries that had plagued him, when he was King. His choirmaster had searched the length and depth of his kingdom looking for voices of great talent for the royal chapel. When Richard was travelling around the kingdom, musicians had played, hoping for the royal ear to hear. Even when he was travelling, his daily mass was sung so elaborately that a foreign visitor had commented admiringly that his mass was sung so beautifully.
Richard had an eye for beauty, and art form; he had seen beauty in building. He had taken great interest in re-edifying castles, palaces and churches. On one occasion he sent for the best stone from across the sea from Caen. He had made some amazing amount contributions towards two architectural wonders of Richard’s day. Richard had contributed £300 to the King’s College chapel, Cambridge had under gone improvements and five bays had been completed and a timber roof had been erected in 1485 despite having problems with Henry Tudor and his followers. He had also made an annuity of 250 marks for the finishing of St George’s chapel.
Richard did have a love of literature, but there are only the scantiest record remains of the books that he must have owned. An English version of Renatus’s De re militari, a French chronicle, a folio volume of tales, including two of Chaucer’s on a leaf of which is written in Richard’s hand ‘tant le desieree R. Gloucestre’
Richard was known for having a good sense of humour he sent this letter to John Russell in 1483. ‘Signifying unto you, that it is showed unto us, that our servant and solicitor, Thomas Lynom, marvellously blinded and abused with the late wife of William Shore, now being in Ludgate by our commandment, hath made contract of matrimony with her, as it is said; and intendeth, to our full great marvel, to proceed to effect the same. We, for many causes, would be very sorry that he should be so disposed; and pray you, therefore, to send for him, in that ye goodly may exhort and stir him to the contrary. And, if ye find him utter set for to marry her, and none otherwise would be advertised, then, if it may stand with the law of the church, we be content ( the time of marriage being deferred to our coming next to London ) that, upon sufficient surety being found of her good a-bearing, ye do send for her keeper, and discharge him of our commandment by warrant of these; committing her to the rule and guiding of her father or any other, by your discretion in the mean season.’ In reference to being marvellously blinded and abuse may be related towards when she had become Hastings mistress after the death of Edward IV.
To access what was Richard was really like, as with his behaviour towards his nobles, they is evidence that the nobles did not give him the respect that was due to a king. Richard had invited William Stanley to go hunting with him. Stanley had replied that he regretfully that he is too pressed by his duties and there is no hope of getting leave at present and called him ‘old Dick’. It was not the way you would address a King; it seems that Stanley had an element of resentment when he had written that letter during the last months of Richard’s life.
There are records that survived from a diary of a German traveller, who had a different opinion on what he throught of Richard. Nicolas von Poppelau had written about his account of a nine days trip and stay in King Richard’s household. This is the only account that survived which looks into the real King Richard and his daily life and family life in Middleham.
Nicolas von Poppelau had landed in London on 16th of April 1484 and he had set out travelling northwards towards Yorkshire to meet the King, he reached Middleham at Middleham Castle in early May. During this time Middleham had been plunged into morning as Richard and Anne had just lost their only child Edward. Nicolas von Poppelau was visiting the Richard on behalf from the Emperor Maximilian. Richard had made Nicolas welcome as he had received letters of introduction from the Emperor and Nicolas had delivered a Latin oration, which Nicolas had noted, elicited the admiration of all. The King taking him graciously by the hand and ordering a chamberlain to conduct him to his lodgings. He had reported the next morning that he attended a magnificent singing of the Mass and was then admitted to the royal entourage in order to watch Richard at dinner.
‘Afterwards the King spoke quite alone with Nicolas von Poppelau, and asked him a great deal about the emperor and the princes of the empire. They had finally reached on the subject of the Turks, and Nicolas had told Richard about the victory over the Turk gained by the King of Hungary before St Martin’s day in 1483. Richard had cried out, ‘ I wish that my kingdom lay upon the confines of Turkey; with my own people alone and without the help of other princes I should like to drive away not only the Turks, but all my foes’.
During the rest of the visit to Middleham, Nicolas had dined at Richard’s table and was given a golden necklace as a present. Nicolas had further commented that he had found nothing good to say about the English people, but he added that he had admired their King. He had Nicolas had also mentioned about Richard’s appearance as, ‘..three fingers taller than myself…also much more lean; he had delicate arms and legs, also a great heart..’.
It’s hard to think of his image as that of a cruel and heartless uncle that had murdered his two nephews to be a King and had a hunched back. Archibald Whitelaw, the Scottish Ambassador in 1484 had written about him and used in a speech. ‘Never before has nature dared to encase in a smaller body such spirit and strength’. ‘In his small body the greatest valor held sway’. Archibald Whitelaw had written much about what King Richard was really like as he writes about his virtue at an address on 12th of September 1484. Most serene Prince and King. Of all the sovereigns whom I have known, you stand out as the greatest in the renown of your nobility, in your sway over your people, in your strength of arms, and in the wealth of resources at every form of virtue [has] reached into every corner of the world; moreover, there is the excellent and outstanding humanity of you innate benevolence, your clemency, your liberality, your good faith, your supreme justice, and your incredible greatness of heart. Your wisdom is not just human, it is almost divine: for you make yourself not simply at ease with important individuals, but courteous to the common people too. I look for the first time upon your face; it is a countenance worthy of the highest power and kingliness, illuminated by moral and heroic virtue. Fitting for you are the words which the post Statius used of the noble prince of Thebes. He also had written about Richard’s leadership skills, ‘For you are the embodiment of military skill, prowess, good fortune and authority – all qualities which Cicero, in his eulogy of Pompey, declares should be sought in the best military leader… In you, however, most serene Prince, all the requirements of a good king and general come together… Were Cicero still alive, his skills would scarcely suffice to describe your virtues fully or sing your praises to the skies’.
Even the historians after his death at Bosworth, had some good things to write about him as Sir Thomas More had quoted from Dr Shaa. “ This is that very noble prince, the special patron of knightly prowess, which as well in all princely behavior, as in lineaments and favor of his visage, represents the very face of the noble Duke of York his father.
There is a statement that Richard used that was typical of his nature that was stated from John Rous, in 1486. “ This King Richard was praiseworthy for his building, as at Westminster, Nottingham, Warwick, York and Middleham, and many other places, which can be viewed. He founded a noble chantry for a hundred priests in the Cathedral of York, and another at Middleham. He founded another in the church of St. Mary of Barking, by the Tower of London, and endowed the Queen’s College at Cambridge with 500 marks annual rent. The money which was offered him by the peoples of London, Gloucester, and Worcester he declined with thanks, affirming that he would rather have their love than their treasure.
Sir Thomas More was born in 1478, and had been educated by John Morton, who had been promoted to the Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of England. He did write The History of Richard III, the book was very anti Richardian and it had established that Richard III was a tyrant. Henry VII had hailed the book as a masterpiece in 1515. More is the pity ‘Utopia’ did not receive the same acknowledgement from the King. It was published in 1516, he had written much superior work which had been acknowledgement from intellectual circles of the day. It was a description of an imaginary republic ruled by reason and its was intended to make a contrast with the strife ridden reality of what was going on in the politics of his day.
Polydore Vergil was an Italian historian that was hired by Henry VII to write the history of England. He further worked with Henry VIII, but he moved back to his old country when Protestantism had taken hold in England.
There was a historian called John Stow, who was born in London in1525 and had come from a modest background. He worked his way through the trade as a tailor and had learnt how to read and write. He had started to collect books and make notes and he had developed an antiquarian taste in the books that he was collecting. This had brought him under ecclesiastical suspicion, ‘with many dangerous and superstitious books in his possession’. He managed to escape any harm when his house was searched in 1568 and 1570. He lived until 6th of April 1605 where his last few years he was able to have more freedom to write under the reign of James I of England. Sir George Buck had quoted him in 1619 on Richard III. “One of these is the honest John Stow, who could not flatter and speak dishonestly, and who was a man very diligent and much inquisitive to uncover all things concerning the affairs or words or persons of princes. And he was very curious in (his) description of their forms, their favours, and of all the lineaments of their bodies…And further, he said that he had spoken with old and grave men who had often seen King Richard, and that they affirmed that he was of person and bodily shape comely enough, but they said that he was very low of stature." It had seemed that George Buck was discrediting the work of Shakespeare. Whose authorship was just a pen name, and it has been suggested that the real author was Francis Bacon, which was rumoured to be the natural son of Elizabeth Tudor.
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