Roman Britain 360-536 Part III
Posted May 5th, 2012 at 07:25 PM by KillCarneyKlansman
Old English literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_literature
Gloomy in mood, The Ruin, tells of the decay of a once glorious city of Roman Britain (cities in Britain fell into decline after the Romans departed in the early 5th century, as the early English continued to live their rural life),
THE BRITISH CHRONICLES
http://www.biblebelievers.org.au/nation05.htm#THE BRITISH CHRONICLES
Notes: See Geneolgies Above and Below, Dates to close for coincedence, good explanation of they way they viewed history, Gildas, others solid, matches well. Generally psuedo sources not to far off. Good for matching details. When wrong, obvious, mistaken, confused personalities, places and times, data substitution, etc ...
THE SAXON GENEALOGIES
http://www.biblebelievers.org.au/nation06.htm#THE SAXON GENEALOGIES
The Table has been constructed from various king-lists and genealogies, and it demonstrates the common ancestry of six of the Saxon Royal Houses. The Houses of Wessex (Occidentallium Saxonium of Lindsey (Lindis feama of Kent (Catwariorum of Mercia (Merciorum of Northumbria (Northa hymborum and of East Anglia (Estranglorum,) are all represented (see also Figures 2 and 3,) and all are seen to have traced their ancestry directly back to Woden and beyond. The political supremacy of these various Houses fluctuated almost from one decade to the next, and the particular king who at any one time held sway over the others, was accorded the title Bretwalda.
Anglo-Saxon England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England
It was quite common for Rome to swell its legions with foederati recruited from the German homelands.[27] This practice also extended to the army serving in Britain, and graves of these mercenaries, along with their families, can be identified in the Roman cemeteries of the period.[28] The migration continued with the departure of the Roman army, when Anglo-Saxons were recruited to defend Britain; and also during the period of the Anglo-Saxon first rebellion of AD 442.[29]
After the defeat of the Anglo-Saxons by the British at the Battle of Mount Badon in c.AD 500, where according to Gildas the British resistance was led by a man called Ambrosius Aurelianus, Anglo-Saxon migration was temporarly stemmed.[12][30] Gildas said that this was "forty-four years and one month" after the arrival of the Saxons, and was also the year of his birth.[12] He said that a time of great prosperity followed.[12] But, despite the lull, the Anglo-Saxons took control of Sussex, Kent, East Anglia and part of Yorkshire; while the West Saxons founded a kingdom in Hampshire under the leadership of Cerdic, around AD 520.[31] However, it was to be 50 years before the Anglo-Saxons began further major advances.[31] In the intervening years the Britons exhausted themselves with civil war, internal disputes, and general unrest: which was the inspiration behind Gildas's book De Excidio Britanniae (The Ruin of Britain).[32]
12. ^ a b c d http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain#26 - Mount Badon is referred to as Bath-Hill in this translation of Gildas text.
27. ^ Ward-Perkins. The fall of Rome: and the end of civilisation. Particularly pp38 - 39
28. ^ Welch, Anglo-Saxon England, Chapter 8: From Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England
29. ^ Myers. The English Settlements, Chapter 5: Saxons, Angles and Jutes on the Saxon Shore
30. ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain#25 - With their unnumbered vows they burden heaven," that they might not be brought to utter destruction, took arms under the conduct of Ambrosius Aurelianus, a modest man, who of all the Roman nation was then alone in the confusion of this troubled period by chance left alive.
31. ^ a b c Morris, The Age of Arthur, Chapter 16: English Conquest
32. ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain#1 Gildas.The Ruin of Britain.
Menapii - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A legion called the Menapii Seniores is mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum, a 5th century register of Roman government positions and military commands.[14]
Anglo-Saxon art - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art
410: [-1066] Migration period style art that the Anglo-Saxons brought with them from the continent in the 5th century, and ending in 1066 with the Norman Conquest of a large Anglo-Saxon nation-state whose sophisticated art was influential in much of northern Europe. The two periods of outstanding achievement were the 7th and 8th centuries, with the metalwork and jewellery from Sutton Hoo and a series of magnificent illuminated manuscripts, and the final period after about 950, when there was a revival of English culture after the end of the Viking invasions. By the time of the Conquest the move to the Romanesque style is nearly complete. The important artistic centres, in so far as these can be established, were concentrated in the extremities of England, in Northumbria, especially in the early period, and Wessex and Kent near the south coast.
Anglo-Saxon glass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_glass
Several bead manufacturing sites have been identified on the continent, by the presence of waste glass, beads and glass rods. Two late Roman to 5th century sites have been discovered at Trier and Tibiscum in Romania, while closer to England and dating to the 6th-7th century two more sites have been found at Jordenstraat and Rothulfuashem (Netherlands). There is also extensive evidence for bead making workshops in Scandinavia which have been dated to the 8th century or later. The best known examples are Eketorp on Öland (Sweden) and Ribe in Jutland (Denmark). There is a tendency for British archaeologists to assume that the majority of glass beads recovered were imported. Although to date there is a lack of direct evidence for bead manufacture in early Anglo-Saxon England, there is evidence for it in early Christian Ireland, northern Britain and the post-Roman west. It is also present on Saxon monastic and settlement sites between the 7th and 9th century. Even so indirect evidence from the distribution of early Saxon beads has been used to suggest that there is at least three bead groups which were being manufactured in England.
Norfolk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Norfolk vulnerable to invasions from Scandinavia and northern Europe [had] forts ... built to defend against the Angles and Saxons. By the 5th century the Angles, after whom East Anglia and England itself are named, had established control of the region and later became the "north folk" and the "south folk".
Spong Hill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Spong Hill is an Anglo-Saxon cemetery site located at North Elmham in Norfolk, England. The largest Early Anglo-Saxon burial site ever excavated, it contains within it 2259 cremations. The site at Spong Hill consisted of two cemeteries, a large cremation cemetery and a smaller, 6th century cemetery of 57 inhumations. Three 5th century cremation urns from the Spong Hill site bear the impression of the debated term alu by "the same runic stamp" in mirror-runes.
Hoxne Hoard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The [Eye Hoard] contained about 600 Roman gold coins dating to the reigns of Valens and Valentinian I (reigned 364–375), Gratian (375–383), Theodosius I (378–395), Arcadius (395–408), and Honorius (393–423). This was the largest hoard of Roman gold coins ever discovered in Britain.
Undley bracteate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Undley bracteate is a 5th century bracteate found in Undley Common, near Lakenheath, Suffolk. It bears the earliest known inscription that can be argued to be in Anglo-Frisian Futhorc (as opposed to Common Germanic Elder Futhark).
The image on the bracteate is an adaptation of an Urbs Roma coin type issued by Constantine the Great, conflating the helmeted head of the emperor and the image of Romulus and Remus suckled by the wolf on one face. It may have originated in northern Germany or southern Scandinavia, and been brought to England with an early Anglo-Saxon settler.
The inscription [which] reads right to left around the circumference of the obverse side [states:] gaegogae maegae medu. The three syllables of the initial word gægogæ are written as bind runes, the word gægogæ appears to be some magical invocation or battle cry, comparable to the Kragehul I lance-shaft. The words mægæ medu are interpreted as meaning "meed for the kinsmen", i.e. "reward for relatives", referring to the bracteate itself.
Wuffa of East Anglia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wuffa was the son of Wehha and the father of Tytila. His name, which is a diminutive form of the Old English word for wolf, is the dynastic eponym for the kings of East Anglia, the Wuffingas.
Offa's Dyke - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa's_Dyke
In December 1999 Shropshire County Council archaeologists uncovered the remains of a hearth or fire on the original ground surface beneath the raised bank of the ancient Wat's Dyke near Oswestry, England. Carbon dating analysis of the burnt charcoal and burnt clay in situ showed it was covered by earth on or around AD 446. Archaeologists concluded that this part of Wat's Dyke, so long thought of as Anglo-Saxon and a mid-8th century contemporary of Offa's Dyke, must have been built 300 years earlier in the post-Roman period in Britain.
History of York - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Angles settled in [York] in the early 5th century.[17] Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period. Cremation cemeteries from the sixth century have been excavated close to York on The Mount and at Heworth[1];
01. ^ a b Hall, Richard (1996). English Heritage: Book of York (1st ed.). B.T.Batsford Ltd. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-7134-7720-2.
17. ^ Jones, Barri; Mattingly, David (1990), An Atlas of Roman Britain, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers (published 2007), p. 317, ISBN 9781842170670
Cornovii (Midlands) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornovii_(Midlands)
The 5th century saw continued town life in Viroconium but many of the buildings fell into disrepair. However, between 530 and 570 there was a substantial rebuilding programme in timber with most of the old basilica being demolished and replaced with new buildings. These probably included a very large two-story timber-framed building and a number of storage buildings and houses. In all, 33 new buildings were constructed. The archaeologists responsible for the most recent excavations comment that "their construction was carefully planned and executed..." and "were skillfully constructed to Roman measurements using a trained labour force".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian's_wall
In the late 4th century, barbarian invasions, economic decline, and military coups loosened the Empire's hold on Britain. By 410, the Roman administration and its legions were gone, and Britain was left to look to its own defences and government. The garrisons, by now probably made up mostly of local Britons who had nowhere else to go, probably lingered on in some form for generations. Archaeology is beginning to reveal that some parts of the wall remained occupied well into the 5th century. Enough also survived in the 8th century for spolia from it to find its way into the construction of Jarrow Priory, and for Bede to see and describe the wall thus in Historia Ecclesiastica 1.5, although he misidentified it as being built by Septimius Severus:
After many great and dangerous battles, he thought fit to divide that part of the island, which he had recovered from the other unconquered nations, not with a wall, as some imagine, but with a rampart. For a wall is made of stones, but a rampart, with which camps are fortified to repel the assaults of enemies, is made of sods, cut out of the earth, and raised above the ground all round like a wall, having in front of it the ditch whence the sods were taken, and strong stakes of wood fixed upon its top.
Rheged - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kings of Rheged - The traditional royal genealogy of Urien and his successors traces their ancestry back to Coel Hen (alias King Cole), who may have ruled much of the North in the early 5th century.
Geordie - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Geordie speech is a direct continuation and development of the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon settlers of this region. Initially mercenaries employed by the ancient Brythons to fight the Pictish invaders after the end of Roman rule in Britannia in the 5th century
Isle of Man - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Around the 5th century AD, cultural influence from Ireland, probably along with some degree of migration, precipitated a process of Gaelicisation, evidenced by Ogham inscriptions, giving rise to the Manx language, which remains closely related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic.
Ogham - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Although the use of "classical" ogham in stone inscriptions seems to have flowered in the 5th–6th centuries around the Irish Sea, from the phonological evidence it is clear that the alphabet predates the 5th century.
Chew Stoke - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chew Stoke is the site of a Romano-Celtic double-octagonal temple, possibly dedicated to the god Mercury. The temple, on Pagans Hill, was excavated by Philip Rahtz between 1949 and 1951. It consisted of an inner wall, which formed the sanctuary, surrounded by an outer wall forming an ambulatory, or covered walkway 56.5 feet (17.2 m) across. It was first built in the late 3rd century but was twice rebuilt, finally collapsing in the 5th century.
Avebury - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the Early Mediaeval period, which began in the 5th century following the collapse of Roman rule, Anglo-Saxon tribes from continental Europe migrated to southern Britain, where they may have come into conflict with the Britons already settled there. Aubrey Burl suggested the possibility that a small group of British warriors may have used Avebury as a fortified site to defend themselves from Anglo-Saxon attack. He gained this idea from etymological evidence, suggesting that the site may have been called weala-dic, meaning "moat of the Britons", in Old English, the language of the Anglo-Saxons.
The early Anglo-Saxon settlers followed their own pagan religion which venerated a selection of deities, the most notable of whom were apparently Woden and Thunor. It is known from etymological sources that they associated many prehistoric sites in the Wiltshire area with their gods, for instance within a ten mile of radius of Avebury there are four sites that were apparently named after Woden: Wansdyke ("Wodin's ditch"), Wodin's Barrow, Waden Hill ("Wodin's Hill)" and perhaps Wanborough (also "Woden's Hill"). It is not known if they placed any special religious associations with the Avebury monument, but it remains possible.
Anglesey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Following the Roman departure from Britain in the early 5th century, pirates from Ireland colonised Anglesey and the nearby Llyn Peninsula. In response to this, Cunedda ap Edern, a Gododdin warlord from Scotland, came to the area and began the process of driving the Irish out. This process was continued by his son Einion Yrth ap Cunedda and grandson Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion, the last Irish invaders finally being defeated in battle in 470.
Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus - Wikipedia, the free encyclop
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caistor...ich_astragalus
The Caistor-by-Norwich astralagus is a roe deer astragalus found in an urn at Caistor St. Edmund, Norfolk, England. The astralagus is inscribed with a 5th-century Elder Futhark inscription,[1] reading ?????? raïhan "roe". The inscription is the earliest found in England, and predates the evolution of the specifically Anglo-Frisian Futhorc and may be a Scandinavian import, perhaps brought from Denmark in the earliest phase of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. It is an important testimony for the Eihwaz rune and the treatment of Proto-Germanic *ai. The h rune has the Nordic single-bar shape ?, not the Continental double-bar ? which was later adopted in the Anglo-Frisian runes.
1. ^ dated AD 425-475 by Hines 1990:442. A. Bammesberger, 'Das Futhark und seine Weiterentwicklung in der anglo-friesischen Überlieferung', in Bammesberger and Waxenberger (eds.), Das fuþark und seine einzelsprachlichen Weiterentwicklungen, Walter de Gruyter (2006), ISBN 3-11-019008-7, 171–187. J. Hines, 'The Runic Inscriptions of Early Anglo-Saxon England' in: A. Bammesberger (ed.), Britain 400-600: Language and History, Heidelberg (1990), 437–456.
Corcu Duibne - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Corcu Duibne were a notable kingdom of prehistoric and medieval County Kerry in Munster ... belonged to the Érainn and claimed descent from the legendary Conaire Mór, possibly making them distant cousins of such far off kingdoms as Dál Riata in Ulster and Scotland, as well as the closer Múscraige and Corcu Baiscind in Munster.[1] All belonged to the Síl Conairi of legend and ultimately traced their descent from the Clanna Dedad. The ruling septs of the Corcu Duibne were O'Shea and O'Falvey, and possibly O'Connell.
The existence of the Corcu Duibne ... is noted [by the] creators of ogham inscriptions [over one third of all Irish inscriptions found in their region] ... is attested as early as the 5th century ... [claiming] descent from a female ancestor DOVINIA.
432: [t.] St. Patrick arrived on the island and, in the years that followed, worked to convert the Irish to Christianity. On the other hand, according to Prosper of Aquitaine, a contemporary chronicler, Palladius was sent to Ireland by the Pope in 431 as "first Bishop to the Irish believing in Christ", which demonstrates that there were already Christians living in Ireland. Palladius seems to have worked purely as Bishop to Irish Christians in the Leinster and Meath kingdoms, while Patrick — who may have arrived as late as 461 — worked first and foremost as a missionary to the Pagan Irish, converting in the more remote kingdoms located in Ulster and Connacht.
Ceretic Guletic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ceretic Guletic of Alt Clut was a king of Alt Clut (modern Dumbarton) in the 5th century. He has been identified with Coroticus, a Britonnic warrior addressed in a letter by Saint Patrick. Of Patrick's two surviving letters, one is addressed to the warband of this Coroticus. Bemoaning the capture and enslavement of newly Christianised Irish and their sale to non-Christians, Patrick includes the imprecation:[1]
Soldiers whom I no longer call my fellow citizens, or citizens of the Roman saints, but fellow citizens of the devils, in consequence of their evil deeds; who live in death, after the hostile rite of the barbarians; associates of the Scots and Apostate Picts; desirous of glutting themselves with the blood of innocent Christians, multitudes of whom I have begotten in God and confirmed in Christ.
In the letter Patrick announces that he has excommunicated Coroticus' men ... It has been suggested that it was the sending of this letter which provoked the trial which Patrick mentions in the Confession. The "Apostate Picts" are the Southern Picts converted by Saint Ninian and ministered to by Palladius, and who had subsequently left Christianity. The Northern Picts of Fortriu were later converted by Saint Columba in the 6th century, and as they were not yet Christian, they could not be called "apostate".[4]
Ceretic's dates therefore depend on the conclusions of the vast scholarship devoted to discovering the floruit of St Patrick, but sometime in the 5th century is probably safe. Ceretic appears also in the Harleian genealogies of the rulers of Alt Clut ... In the Book of Armagh, he is called "Coirthech rex Aloo", "Ceretic, King of the Height [of the Clyde]".[6]
1. ^ Todd, James Henthorn (1863), St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, Dublin: Hodges, Smith, & Co. (published 1864), p. 384, http://books.google.com/books?id=um44AAAAMAAJ, retrieved 2008-08-04
4. ^ Lanigan, John (1822), An Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, I, Dublin, p. 299 (footnote 103), http://books.google.com/books?id=0AoHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA437, retrieved 2008-07-30
6. ^ Alan MacQuarrie, "The Kings of Strathclyde", in A. Grant & K.Stringer (eds.) Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays Presented to G.W.S. Barrow, (Edinburgh, 1993), p. 3.
Nendrum Monastery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The island monastery of Nendrum was traditionally founded in the 5th century by Machaoi, after whom Mahee Island is named, although a later date for the foundation has been suggested. However, dendrochronology has dated a tide mill on the island to the year 619, making this the oldest excavated tide mill anywhere in the world.
Monasterboice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The historic ruins of Monasterboice (Mainistir Bhuithe) are of an early Christian settlement in County Louth in [ENE] Ireland, north of Drogheda. It was founded in the late 5th century by Saint Buithe who died around 521,
Early Irish literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pelagius, an influential British heretic who taught in Rome in the early 5th century, fragments of whose writings survive, is said by Jerome to have been of Irish descent. Coelius Sedulius, the 5th century author of the Carmen Paschale, who has been called the "Virgil of theological poetry", was probably also Irish.
Drombeg stone circle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Drombeg stone circle (also known as The Druid's Altar), is a Recumbent stone circle located 2.4 km (1.5 miles) east of Glandore, County Cork, Ireland. Drombeg is one of the most visited megalithic sites in Ireland ... The ruins of two round stone walled conjoined prehistoric huts and a fulacht fiadh lie just 40m west of the monument. Evidence suggests the fulacht fiadh was in use up until the 5th century AD.
History of Wales - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
There was considerable Irish colonization in Dyfed in south-west Wales, where there are many stones with Ogham inscriptions. Wales had become Christian, and the "age of the saints" (approximately 500–700) was marked by the establishment of monastic settlements throughout the country, by religious leaders such as Saint David, Illtud and Teilo.
Luguvalium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Luguvalium (Luguvalium Carvetiorum) was a town in the Roman province of Britannia, today known as Carlisle, located in the English county of Cumbria (formerly in Cumberland). Romano-British occupation of Luguvalium seems to have been unbroken. It became known as Caer Ligualid in Old Welsh and possible 5th century buildings have been identified during excavation.
Ambrosius Aurelianus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
437: The Historia Brittonum dates the battle of Guoloph to "the twelfth year of Vortigern". This is perhaps a generation before the battle that Gildas says were commanded by Ambrosius Aurelianus ... In Chapter 31, we are told that Vortigern ruled in fear of Ambrosius; later, in Chapter 66, various events are dated from a battle of Guoloph (often identified with Wallop, 15 km (9.3 mi) ESE of Amesbury near Salisbury), which is said to have been between Ambrosius and Vitolinus; lastly, in Chapter 48, it is said that Pascent, the son of Vortigern, was granted rule over the regions of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion by Ambrosius. It is not clear how these various traditions relate to each other, or whether they come from the same tradition; it is very possible that these references are to different men with the same name.
440: [-490] King Brychan flourishes in Brycheiniog. His three wives give birth to many saintly children who evangelize Dumnonia.
Curiosities of Great Britain England & Wales Thomas Dugdale
Cynog or Canoc, was the illegitimate son of Brychan Brecheinog. He was slain or murdered in one of the early eruptions of the Saxons into Wales, in the 5th century, on the summit of a hill in this parish, nearly opposite Castlemadoc, called Vanoleu, and according to Owen, was buried in Merthyr church.
© 1993-2003 ENCARTA Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Breconshire or Brecknockshire, former county, southeastern Wales; Brecon (Brecknock) was the county town. Breconshire comprised a largely mountainous region. Relics of prehistoric habitation, including lake dwellings, have been found in the area. Roman occupation lasted from the 1st to the 5th century, after which the area was ruled by the native prince Brychan (from whom the county's name is derived).
Dumnonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[Dumnonia] maintained trade links with Gaul and the Mediterranean after the Roman withdrawal, and it is likely that tin played an important part in this trade. Post-Roman imported pottery has been excavated from many sites across the region. An apparent surge in late 5th century Mediterranean and/or Byzantine imports is yet to be explained satisfactorily.
Christianity seems to have survived in Dumnonia after the Roman departure from Britain, with a number of late Roman Christian cemeteries extending into the post-Roman period. In the 5th and 6th centuries the area was allegedly evangelized by the children of Brychan and saints from Ireland, like Saint Piran; and Wales, like Saint Petroc or Saint Keyne. There were important monasteries at Bodmin and Glastonbury; and also Exeter where 5th century burials discovered near the cathedral probably represent the cemetery of the foundation attended by St. Boniface (although whether this was Saxon or Brythonic is somewhat controversial). Sporadically, Cornish bishops are named in various records until they submitted to the See of Canterbury in the mid-9th century.
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-S...ent_of_Britain
450: [-750] According to research led by University CollegeLondon, Anglo-Saxon settlers could have enjoyed a substantial social and economic advantage over the native Celtic Britons[46] who lived in what is now England, for more than 300 years from the middle of the 5th century.[47][48][49] Archaeologists have uncovered Celtic artefacts in England dating from later times than the supposed Anglo-Saxon 'apartheid' of Britons was believed to take place.[50] Some areas, such as those around the Pennines still retained a strong Celtic culture, a prime example being the speaking of the Cumbric language until late into the 12th century, and the Cornish language even longer, until the 18th century.
46. ^ English and Welsh are races apart
47. ^ Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England
48. ^ Ancient Britain Had Apartheid-Like Society, Study Suggests
49. ^ 'Apartheid' slashed Celtic genes in early England
50. ^ Koch. Celtic Culture. p.333. Calleva (Silchester)is significant because it has produced evidence for continued urban occupation in the post Roman period ...
List of hoards in Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
450: [c.] The last of a long list Romano-British hoards signals the end of any real Roman influence in Britain.
Vortigern - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
It is not clear whether Gildas used the name Vortigern. Most editions published today omit the name. Two manuscripts name him: MS. A (Avranches MS 162, 12th-century), refers to Uortigerno; and Mommsen's MS. X (Cambridge University Library MS. Ff. I.27) (13th-century) calls him Gurthigerno.[2] Gildas adds several small details that suggest either he or his source received at least part of the story from the Anglo-Saxons. The first is when he describes the size of the initial party of Saxons, he states that they came in three cyulis (or "keels"), "as they call ships of war". This may be the earliest recovered word of English. The second detail is that he repeats that the visiting Saxons were "foretold by a certain soothsayer among them, that they should occupy the country to which they were sailing three hundred years, and half of that time, a hundred and fifty years, should plunder and despoil the same."[2] Both of these details are unlikely to have been invented by a Roman or Celtic source.
Gildas never addresses Vortigern as the king of Britain. He is termed an usurper (tyrannus), but not solely responsible for inviting the Saxons. To the contrary, he is supported/supporting a "Council", which may be a government based on the representatives of all the "cities" (civitates) or a part thereof. Gildas also does not see Vortigern as bad; he just qualifies him as "unlucky" (infaustus) and lacking judgement, which is understandable, as these mercenaries proved to be faithless.
Vortiporius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
540: [c.] De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (English: On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain), Gildas makes an allegorical condemnation of 5 British kings by likening them to the beasts of the Christian Apocalypse as expressed in the biblical Book of Revelation, 13-2: the lion, leopard, bear, and dragon. In the course of his condemnations, Gildas makes passing reference to the other beasts mentioned in the Apocalypse, such as the eagle, serpent, calf, and wolf. Vortiporius is called "the spotted leopard" and the "tyrant of the Demetians", where Demetia is the ancient name of Dyfed.
Gildas restricts his attention to the kings of Gwynedd (Maelgwn Gwynedd), Dyfed (Vortiporius), Penllyn (probable, as its king Cuneglasus/Cynlas appears in royal genealogies associated with the region), Damnonia/Alt Clud (Constantine), and the unknown region associated with Caninus. These are all Welsh kingdoms except for Alt Clud, which had a long and ongoing relationship with Gwynedd and its kings.
The reason for Gildas' disaffection for these individuals is unknown. He was selective in his choice of kings, as he had no comments concerning the kings of the other British kingdoms that were thriving at the time, such as Rheged, Gododdin, Elmet, Pengwern/Powys, or the kingdoms of modern-day southern England. Gildas claims outrage over moral depravity, but neither outrage nor a doctrinal dispute would seem to justify beginning the condemnation of the five kings with a personal attack against the mother of one of the kings, calling her an "unclean lioness".
Of Vortiporius Gildas says little other than offering condemnation for "sins" and providing the few personal details previously mentioned. He is alleged to be the bad son of a good father. Perhaps for good measure, Gildas also attacks his daughter, calling her "shameless".
Cunedda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
547: Cunedda's supposed grandson Maelgwn Gwynedd was a contemporary of Gildas,[1][2] and according to the Annales Cambriae died.[3] The reliability of early Welsh genealogies is not uncontested however, and many of the claims regarding the number and identity of Cunedda's heirs did not surface until as late as the 10th century. Nonetheless, if we accept this information as valid, calculating back from this date suggests the mid-5th century interpretation.
1. ^ Giles 1841:24–25, De Excidio, sections 28 and 29 (in English)
2. ^ Giles 1841:244–45, De Excidio, sections 28 and 29 (in Latin)
3. ^ Phillimore 1888:155, Annales Cambriae, year 547 — "Mortalitas magna inqua pausat mailcun rex genedotae"
English people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Traditionally, it is believed that a mass invasion by various Anglo-Saxon tribes largely displaced the indigenous British population in southern and eastern Great Britain (modern day England with the exception of Cornwall). This was supported by the writings of Gildas, the only contemporary historical account of the period, describing slaughter and starvation of native Britons by invading tribes (aduentus Saxonum).
AD 500 Tintagel Current Archaeology
http://www.archaeology.co.uk/the-tim...n/tintagel.htm
Tintagel, on the North coast of Cornwall, is famed in legend as the home of King Mark (of Tristan and Isolde fame) and the possible place where King Arthur was conceived ... Archaeologically it became important in the 1930s, when Raleigh Radford excavated there and found some very unusual pottery, which he recognised as coming from the East Mediterranean in the 5th and 6th centuries AD ... The ‘Artognov’ inscription
This inscription, carved on an ordinary piece of slate, appears to have two inscriptions – or rather graffiti – in two different styles.The earlier one, at the top right, is in better (= Roman period? ) lettering, and appears to read AXE. The more interesting inscription is that below, more faintly visible.
Almost immediately under the earlier inscription is the word PATER (= Father) though this is almost invisible on screen. The second line begins at the same level as PATER, but then curves underneath it. It reads COLIAVIFICIT: presumably FICIT is the Latin FECIT – ‘made this’. The third line reads ARTOgNOV which may (or may not) be a form of Arthur. At the bottom right the words COLI and FICIT are repeated.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_literature
Gloomy in mood, The Ruin, tells of the decay of a once glorious city of Roman Britain (cities in Britain fell into decline after the Romans departed in the early 5th century, as the early English continued to live their rural life),
THE BRITISH CHRONICLES
http://www.biblebelievers.org.au/nation05.htm#THE BRITISH CHRONICLES
Notes: See Geneolgies Above and Below, Dates to close for coincedence, good explanation of they way they viewed history, Gildas, others solid, matches well. Generally psuedo sources not to far off. Good for matching details. When wrong, obvious, mistaken, confused personalities, places and times, data substitution, etc ...
THE SAXON GENEALOGIES
http://www.biblebelievers.org.au/nation06.htm#THE SAXON GENEALOGIES
The Table has been constructed from various king-lists and genealogies, and it demonstrates the common ancestry of six of the Saxon Royal Houses. The Houses of Wessex (Occidentallium Saxonium of Lindsey (Lindis feama of Kent (Catwariorum of Mercia (Merciorum of Northumbria (Northa hymborum and of East Anglia (Estranglorum,) are all represented (see also Figures 2 and 3,) and all are seen to have traced their ancestry directly back to Woden and beyond. The political supremacy of these various Houses fluctuated almost from one decade to the next, and the particular king who at any one time held sway over the others, was accorded the title Bretwalda.
Anglo-Saxon England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England
It was quite common for Rome to swell its legions with foederati recruited from the German homelands.[27] This practice also extended to the army serving in Britain, and graves of these mercenaries, along with their families, can be identified in the Roman cemeteries of the period.[28] The migration continued with the departure of the Roman army, when Anglo-Saxons were recruited to defend Britain; and also during the period of the Anglo-Saxon first rebellion of AD 442.[29]
After the defeat of the Anglo-Saxons by the British at the Battle of Mount Badon in c.AD 500, where according to Gildas the British resistance was led by a man called Ambrosius Aurelianus, Anglo-Saxon migration was temporarly stemmed.[12][30] Gildas said that this was "forty-four years and one month" after the arrival of the Saxons, and was also the year of his birth.[12] He said that a time of great prosperity followed.[12] But, despite the lull, the Anglo-Saxons took control of Sussex, Kent, East Anglia and part of Yorkshire; while the West Saxons founded a kingdom in Hampshire under the leadership of Cerdic, around AD 520.[31] However, it was to be 50 years before the Anglo-Saxons began further major advances.[31] In the intervening years the Britons exhausted themselves with civil war, internal disputes, and general unrest: which was the inspiration behind Gildas's book De Excidio Britanniae (The Ruin of Britain).[32]
12. ^ a b c d http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain#26 - Mount Badon is referred to as Bath-Hill in this translation of Gildas text.
27. ^ Ward-Perkins. The fall of Rome: and the end of civilisation. Particularly pp38 - 39
28. ^ Welch, Anglo-Saxon England, Chapter 8: From Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England
29. ^ Myers. The English Settlements, Chapter 5: Saxons, Angles and Jutes on the Saxon Shore
30. ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain#25 - With their unnumbered vows they burden heaven," that they might not be brought to utter destruction, took arms under the conduct of Ambrosius Aurelianus, a modest man, who of all the Roman nation was then alone in the confusion of this troubled period by chance left alive.
31. ^ a b c Morris, The Age of Arthur, Chapter 16: English Conquest
32. ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ruin_of_Britain#1 Gildas.The Ruin of Britain.
Menapii - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
MenapiiA legion called the Menapii Seniores is mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum, a 5th century register of Roman government positions and military commands.[14]
Anglo-Saxon art - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art
410: [-1066] Migration period style art that the Anglo-Saxons brought with them from the continent in the 5th century, and ending in 1066 with the Norman Conquest of a large Anglo-Saxon nation-state whose sophisticated art was influential in much of northern Europe. The two periods of outstanding achievement were the 7th and 8th centuries, with the metalwork and jewellery from Sutton Hoo and a series of magnificent illuminated manuscripts, and the final period after about 950, when there was a revival of English culture after the end of the Viking invasions. By the time of the Conquest the move to the Romanesque style is nearly complete. The important artistic centres, in so far as these can be established, were concentrated in the extremities of England, in Northumbria, especially in the early period, and Wessex and Kent near the south coast.
Anglo-Saxon glass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_glass
Several bead manufacturing sites have been identified on the continent, by the presence of waste glass, beads and glass rods. Two late Roman to 5th century sites have been discovered at Trier and Tibiscum in Romania, while closer to England and dating to the 6th-7th century two more sites have been found at Jordenstraat and Rothulfuashem (Netherlands). There is also extensive evidence for bead making workshops in Scandinavia which have been dated to the 8th century or later. The best known examples are Eketorp on Öland (Sweden) and Ribe in Jutland (Denmark). There is a tendency for British archaeologists to assume that the majority of glass beads recovered were imported. Although to date there is a lack of direct evidence for bead manufacture in early Anglo-Saxon England, there is evidence for it in early Christian Ireland, northern Britain and the post-Roman west. It is also present on Saxon monastic and settlement sites between the 7th and 9th century. Even so indirect evidence from the distribution of early Saxon beads has been used to suggest that there is at least three bead groups which were being manufactured in England.
Norfolk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Norfolk vulnerable to invasions from Scandinavia and northern Europe [had] forts ... built to defend against the Angles and Saxons. By the 5th century the Angles, after whom East Anglia and England itself are named, had established control of the region and later became the "north folk" and the "south folk".
Spong Hill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Spong Hill is an Anglo-Saxon cemetery site located at North Elmham in Norfolk, England. The largest Early Anglo-Saxon burial site ever excavated, it contains within it 2259 cremations. The site at Spong Hill consisted of two cemeteries, a large cremation cemetery and a smaller, 6th century cemetery of 57 inhumations. Three 5th century cremation urns from the Spong Hill site bear the impression of the debated term alu by "the same runic stamp" in mirror-runes.
Hoxne Hoard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The [Eye Hoard] contained about 600 Roman gold coins dating to the reigns of Valens and Valentinian I (reigned 364–375), Gratian (375–383), Theodosius I (378–395), Arcadius (395–408), and Honorius (393–423). This was the largest hoard of Roman gold coins ever discovered in Britain.
Undley bracteate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Undley bracteate is a 5th century bracteate found in Undley Common, near Lakenheath, Suffolk. It bears the earliest known inscription that can be argued to be in Anglo-Frisian Futhorc (as opposed to Common Germanic Elder Futhark).
The image on the bracteate is an adaptation of an Urbs Roma coin type issued by Constantine the Great, conflating the helmeted head of the emperor and the image of Romulus and Remus suckled by the wolf on one face. It may have originated in northern Germany or southern Scandinavia, and been brought to England with an early Anglo-Saxon settler.
The inscription [which] reads right to left around the circumference of the obverse side [states:] gaegogae maegae medu. The three syllables of the initial word gægogæ are written as bind runes, the word gægogæ appears to be some magical invocation or battle cry, comparable to the Kragehul I lance-shaft. The words mægæ medu are interpreted as meaning "meed for the kinsmen", i.e. "reward for relatives", referring to the bracteate itself.
Wuffa of East Anglia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wuffa was the son of Wehha and the father of Tytila. His name, which is a diminutive form of the Old English word for wolf, is the dynastic eponym for the kings of East Anglia, the Wuffingas.
Offa's Dyke - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa's_Dyke
In December 1999 Shropshire County Council archaeologists uncovered the remains of a hearth or fire on the original ground surface beneath the raised bank of the ancient Wat's Dyke near Oswestry, England. Carbon dating analysis of the burnt charcoal and burnt clay in situ showed it was covered by earth on or around AD 446. Archaeologists concluded that this part of Wat's Dyke, so long thought of as Anglo-Saxon and a mid-8th century contemporary of Offa's Dyke, must have been built 300 years earlier in the post-Roman period in Britain.
History of York - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Angles settled in [York] in the early 5th century.[17] Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period. Cremation cemeteries from the sixth century have been excavated close to York on The Mount and at Heworth[1];
01. ^ a b Hall, Richard (1996). English Heritage: Book of York (1st ed.). B.T.Batsford Ltd. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-7134-7720-2.
17. ^ Jones, Barri; Mattingly, David (1990), An Atlas of Roman Britain, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers (published 2007), p. 317, ISBN 9781842170670
Cornovii (Midlands) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornovii_(Midlands)
The 5th century saw continued town life in Viroconium but many of the buildings fell into disrepair. However, between 530 and 570 there was a substantial rebuilding programme in timber with most of the old basilica being demolished and replaced with new buildings. These probably included a very large two-story timber-framed building and a number of storage buildings and houses. In all, 33 new buildings were constructed. The archaeologists responsible for the most recent excavations comment that "their construction was carefully planned and executed..." and "were skillfully constructed to Roman measurements using a trained labour force".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian's_wall
In the late 4th century, barbarian invasions, economic decline, and military coups loosened the Empire's hold on Britain. By 410, the Roman administration and its legions were gone, and Britain was left to look to its own defences and government. The garrisons, by now probably made up mostly of local Britons who had nowhere else to go, probably lingered on in some form for generations. Archaeology is beginning to reveal that some parts of the wall remained occupied well into the 5th century. Enough also survived in the 8th century for spolia from it to find its way into the construction of Jarrow Priory, and for Bede to see and describe the wall thus in Historia Ecclesiastica 1.5, although he misidentified it as being built by Septimius Severus:
After many great and dangerous battles, he thought fit to divide that part of the island, which he had recovered from the other unconquered nations, not with a wall, as some imagine, but with a rampart. For a wall is made of stones, but a rampart, with which camps are fortified to repel the assaults of enemies, is made of sods, cut out of the earth, and raised above the ground all round like a wall, having in front of it the ditch whence the sods were taken, and strong stakes of wood fixed upon its top.
Rheged - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kings of Rheged - The traditional royal genealogy of Urien and his successors traces their ancestry back to Coel Hen (alias King Cole), who may have ruled much of the North in the early 5th century.
Geordie - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Geordie speech is a direct continuation and development of the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon settlers of this region. Initially mercenaries employed by the ancient Brythons to fight the Pictish invaders after the end of Roman rule in Britannia in the 5th century
Isle of Man - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Around the 5th century AD, cultural influence from Ireland, probably along with some degree of migration, precipitated a process of Gaelicisation, evidenced by Ogham inscriptions, giving rise to the Manx language, which remains closely related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic.
Ogham - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Although the use of "classical" ogham in stone inscriptions seems to have flowered in the 5th–6th centuries around the Irish Sea, from the phonological evidence it is clear that the alphabet predates the 5th century.
Chew Stoke - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chew Stoke is the site of a Romano-Celtic double-octagonal temple, possibly dedicated to the god Mercury. The temple, on Pagans Hill, was excavated by Philip Rahtz between 1949 and 1951. It consisted of an inner wall, which formed the sanctuary, surrounded by an outer wall forming an ambulatory, or covered walkway 56.5 feet (17.2 m) across. It was first built in the late 3rd century but was twice rebuilt, finally collapsing in the 5th century.
Avebury - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the Early Mediaeval period, which began in the 5th century following the collapse of Roman rule, Anglo-Saxon tribes from continental Europe migrated to southern Britain, where they may have come into conflict with the Britons already settled there. Aubrey Burl suggested the possibility that a small group of British warriors may have used Avebury as a fortified site to defend themselves from Anglo-Saxon attack. He gained this idea from etymological evidence, suggesting that the site may have been called weala-dic, meaning "moat of the Britons", in Old English, the language of the Anglo-Saxons.
The early Anglo-Saxon settlers followed their own pagan religion which venerated a selection of deities, the most notable of whom were apparently Woden and Thunor. It is known from etymological sources that they associated many prehistoric sites in the Wiltshire area with their gods, for instance within a ten mile of radius of Avebury there are four sites that were apparently named after Woden: Wansdyke ("Wodin's ditch"), Wodin's Barrow, Waden Hill ("Wodin's Hill)" and perhaps Wanborough (also "Woden's Hill"). It is not known if they placed any special religious associations with the Avebury monument, but it remains possible.
Anglesey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Following the Roman departure from Britain in the early 5th century, pirates from Ireland colonised Anglesey and the nearby Llyn Peninsula. In response to this, Cunedda ap Edern, a Gododdin warlord from Scotland, came to the area and began the process of driving the Irish out. This process was continued by his son Einion Yrth ap Cunedda and grandson Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion, the last Irish invaders finally being defeated in battle in 470.
Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus - Wikipedia, the free encyclop
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caistor...ich_astragalus
The Caistor-by-Norwich astralagus is a roe deer astragalus found in an urn at Caistor St. Edmund, Norfolk, England. The astralagus is inscribed with a 5th-century Elder Futhark inscription,[1] reading ?????? raïhan "roe". The inscription is the earliest found in England, and predates the evolution of the specifically Anglo-Frisian Futhorc and may be a Scandinavian import, perhaps brought from Denmark in the earliest phase of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. It is an important testimony for the Eihwaz rune and the treatment of Proto-Germanic *ai. The h rune has the Nordic single-bar shape ?, not the Continental double-bar ? which was later adopted in the Anglo-Frisian runes.
1. ^ dated AD 425-475 by Hines 1990:442. A. Bammesberger, 'Das Futhark und seine Weiterentwicklung in der anglo-friesischen Überlieferung', in Bammesberger and Waxenberger (eds.), Das fuþark und seine einzelsprachlichen Weiterentwicklungen, Walter de Gruyter (2006), ISBN 3-11-019008-7, 171–187. J. Hines, 'The Runic Inscriptions of Early Anglo-Saxon England' in: A. Bammesberger (ed.), Britain 400-600: Language and History, Heidelberg (1990), 437–456.
Corcu Duibne - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Corcu Duibne were a notable kingdom of prehistoric and medieval County Kerry in Munster ... belonged to the Érainn and claimed descent from the legendary Conaire Mór, possibly making them distant cousins of such far off kingdoms as Dál Riata in Ulster and Scotland, as well as the closer Múscraige and Corcu Baiscind in Munster.[1] All belonged to the Síl Conairi of legend and ultimately traced their descent from the Clanna Dedad. The ruling septs of the Corcu Duibne were O'Shea and O'Falvey, and possibly O'Connell.
The existence of the Corcu Duibne ... is noted [by the] creators of ogham inscriptions [over one third of all Irish inscriptions found in their region] ... is attested as early as the 5th century ... [claiming] descent from a female ancestor DOVINIA.
432: [t.] St. Patrick arrived on the island and, in the years that followed, worked to convert the Irish to Christianity. On the other hand, according to Prosper of Aquitaine, a contemporary chronicler, Palladius was sent to Ireland by the Pope in 431 as "first Bishop to the Irish believing in Christ", which demonstrates that there were already Christians living in Ireland. Palladius seems to have worked purely as Bishop to Irish Christians in the Leinster and Meath kingdoms, while Patrick — who may have arrived as late as 461 — worked first and foremost as a missionary to the Pagan Irish, converting in the more remote kingdoms located in Ulster and Connacht.
Ceretic Guletic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ceretic Guletic of Alt Clut was a king of Alt Clut (modern Dumbarton) in the 5th century. He has been identified with Coroticus, a Britonnic warrior addressed in a letter by Saint Patrick. Of Patrick's two surviving letters, one is addressed to the warband of this Coroticus. Bemoaning the capture and enslavement of newly Christianised Irish and their sale to non-Christians, Patrick includes the imprecation:[1]
Soldiers whom I no longer call my fellow citizens, or citizens of the Roman saints, but fellow citizens of the devils, in consequence of their evil deeds; who live in death, after the hostile rite of the barbarians; associates of the Scots and Apostate Picts; desirous of glutting themselves with the blood of innocent Christians, multitudes of whom I have begotten in God and confirmed in Christ.
In the letter Patrick announces that he has excommunicated Coroticus' men ... It has been suggested that it was the sending of this letter which provoked the trial which Patrick mentions in the Confession. The "Apostate Picts" are the Southern Picts converted by Saint Ninian and ministered to by Palladius, and who had subsequently left Christianity. The Northern Picts of Fortriu were later converted by Saint Columba in the 6th century, and as they were not yet Christian, they could not be called "apostate".[4]
Ceretic's dates therefore depend on the conclusions of the vast scholarship devoted to discovering the floruit of St Patrick, but sometime in the 5th century is probably safe. Ceretic appears also in the Harleian genealogies of the rulers of Alt Clut ... In the Book of Armagh, he is called "Coirthech rex Aloo", "Ceretic, King of the Height [of the Clyde]".[6]
1. ^ Todd, James Henthorn (1863), St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, Dublin: Hodges, Smith, & Co. (published 1864), p. 384, http://books.google.com/books?id=um44AAAAMAAJ, retrieved 2008-08-04
4. ^ Lanigan, John (1822), An Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, I, Dublin, p. 299 (footnote 103), http://books.google.com/books?id=0AoHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA437, retrieved 2008-07-30
6. ^ Alan MacQuarrie, "The Kings of Strathclyde", in A. Grant & K.Stringer (eds.) Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays Presented to G.W.S. Barrow, (Edinburgh, 1993), p. 3.
Nendrum Monastery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The island monastery of Nendrum was traditionally founded in the 5th century by Machaoi, after whom Mahee Island is named, although a later date for the foundation has been suggested. However, dendrochronology has dated a tide mill on the island to the year 619, making this the oldest excavated tide mill anywhere in the world.
Monasterboice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The historic ruins of Monasterboice (Mainistir Bhuithe) are of an early Christian settlement in County Louth in [ENE] Ireland, north of Drogheda. It was founded in the late 5th century by Saint Buithe who died around 521,
Early Irish literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pelagius, an influential British heretic who taught in Rome in the early 5th century, fragments of whose writings survive, is said by Jerome to have been of Irish descent. Coelius Sedulius, the 5th century author of the Carmen Paschale, who has been called the "Virgil of theological poetry", was probably also Irish.
Drombeg stone circle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Drombeg stone circle (also known as The Druid's Altar), is a Recumbent stone circle located 2.4 km (1.5 miles) east of Glandore, County Cork, Ireland. Drombeg is one of the most visited megalithic sites in Ireland ... The ruins of two round stone walled conjoined prehistoric huts and a fulacht fiadh lie just 40m west of the monument. Evidence suggests the fulacht fiadh was in use up until the 5th century AD.
History of Wales - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
There was considerable Irish colonization in Dyfed in south-west Wales, where there are many stones with Ogham inscriptions. Wales had become Christian, and the "age of the saints" (approximately 500–700) was marked by the establishment of monastic settlements throughout the country, by religious leaders such as Saint David, Illtud and Teilo.
Luguvalium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Luguvalium (Luguvalium Carvetiorum) was a town in the Roman province of Britannia, today known as Carlisle, located in the English county of Cumbria (formerly in Cumberland). Romano-British occupation of Luguvalium seems to have been unbroken. It became known as Caer Ligualid in Old Welsh and possible 5th century buildings have been identified during excavation.
Ambrosius Aurelianus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
437: The Historia Brittonum dates the battle of Guoloph to "the twelfth year of Vortigern". This is perhaps a generation before the battle that Gildas says were commanded by Ambrosius Aurelianus ... In Chapter 31, we are told that Vortigern ruled in fear of Ambrosius; later, in Chapter 66, various events are dated from a battle of Guoloph (often identified with Wallop, 15 km (9.3 mi) ESE of Amesbury near Salisbury), which is said to have been between Ambrosius and Vitolinus; lastly, in Chapter 48, it is said that Pascent, the son of Vortigern, was granted rule over the regions of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion by Ambrosius. It is not clear how these various traditions relate to each other, or whether they come from the same tradition; it is very possible that these references are to different men with the same name.
440: [-490] King Brychan flourishes in Brycheiniog. His three wives give birth to many saintly children who evangelize Dumnonia.
Curiosities of Great Britain England & Wales Thomas Dugdale
Cynog or Canoc, was the illegitimate son of Brychan Brecheinog. He was slain or murdered in one of the early eruptions of the Saxons into Wales, in the 5th century, on the summit of a hill in this parish, nearly opposite Castlemadoc, called Vanoleu, and according to Owen, was buried in Merthyr church.
© 1993-2003 ENCARTA Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Breconshire or Brecknockshire, former county, southeastern Wales; Brecon (Brecknock) was the county town. Breconshire comprised a largely mountainous region. Relics of prehistoric habitation, including lake dwellings, have been found in the area. Roman occupation lasted from the 1st to the 5th century, after which the area was ruled by the native prince Brychan (from whom the county's name is derived).
Dumnonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[Dumnonia] maintained trade links with Gaul and the Mediterranean after the Roman withdrawal, and it is likely that tin played an important part in this trade. Post-Roman imported pottery has been excavated from many sites across the region. An apparent surge in late 5th century Mediterranean and/or Byzantine imports is yet to be explained satisfactorily.
Christianity seems to have survived in Dumnonia after the Roman departure from Britain, with a number of late Roman Christian cemeteries extending into the post-Roman period. In the 5th and 6th centuries the area was allegedly evangelized by the children of Brychan and saints from Ireland, like Saint Piran; and Wales, like Saint Petroc or Saint Keyne. There were important monasteries at Bodmin and Glastonbury; and also Exeter where 5th century burials discovered near the cathedral probably represent the cemetery of the foundation attended by St. Boniface (although whether this was Saxon or Brythonic is somewhat controversial). Sporadically, Cornish bishops are named in various records until they submitted to the See of Canterbury in the mid-9th century.
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-S...ent_of_Britain
450: [-750] According to research led by University CollegeLondon, Anglo-Saxon settlers could have enjoyed a substantial social and economic advantage over the native Celtic Britons[46] who lived in what is now England, for more than 300 years from the middle of the 5th century.[47][48][49] Archaeologists have uncovered Celtic artefacts in England dating from later times than the supposed Anglo-Saxon 'apartheid' of Britons was believed to take place.[50] Some areas, such as those around the Pennines still retained a strong Celtic culture, a prime example being the speaking of the Cumbric language until late into the 12th century, and the Cornish language even longer, until the 18th century.
46. ^ English and Welsh are races apart
47. ^ Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England
48. ^ Ancient Britain Had Apartheid-Like Society, Study Suggests
49. ^ 'Apartheid' slashed Celtic genes in early England
50. ^ Koch. Celtic Culture. p.333. Calleva (Silchester)is significant because it has produced evidence for continued urban occupation in the post Roman period ...
List of hoards in Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
450: [c.] The last of a long list Romano-British hoards signals the end of any real Roman influence in Britain.
Vortigern - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
It is not clear whether Gildas used the name Vortigern. Most editions published today omit the name. Two manuscripts name him: MS. A (Avranches MS 162, 12th-century), refers to Uortigerno; and Mommsen's MS. X (Cambridge University Library MS. Ff. I.27) (13th-century) calls him Gurthigerno.[2] Gildas adds several small details that suggest either he or his source received at least part of the story from the Anglo-Saxons. The first is when he describes the size of the initial party of Saxons, he states that they came in three cyulis (or "keels"), "as they call ships of war". This may be the earliest recovered word of English. The second detail is that he repeats that the visiting Saxons were "foretold by a certain soothsayer among them, that they should occupy the country to which they were sailing three hundred years, and half of that time, a hundred and fifty years, should plunder and despoil the same."[2] Both of these details are unlikely to have been invented by a Roman or Celtic source.
Gildas never addresses Vortigern as the king of Britain. He is termed an usurper (tyrannus), but not solely responsible for inviting the Saxons. To the contrary, he is supported/supporting a "Council", which may be a government based on the representatives of all the "cities" (civitates) or a part thereof. Gildas also does not see Vortigern as bad; he just qualifies him as "unlucky" (infaustus) and lacking judgement, which is understandable, as these mercenaries proved to be faithless.
Vortiporius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
540: [c.] De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (English: On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain), Gildas makes an allegorical condemnation of 5 British kings by likening them to the beasts of the Christian Apocalypse as expressed in the biblical Book of Revelation, 13-2: the lion, leopard, bear, and dragon. In the course of his condemnations, Gildas makes passing reference to the other beasts mentioned in the Apocalypse, such as the eagle, serpent, calf, and wolf. Vortiporius is called "the spotted leopard" and the "tyrant of the Demetians", where Demetia is the ancient name of Dyfed.
Gildas restricts his attention to the kings of Gwynedd (Maelgwn Gwynedd), Dyfed (Vortiporius), Penllyn (probable, as its king Cuneglasus/Cynlas appears in royal genealogies associated with the region), Damnonia/Alt Clud (Constantine), and the unknown region associated with Caninus. These are all Welsh kingdoms except for Alt Clud, which had a long and ongoing relationship with Gwynedd and its kings.
The reason for Gildas' disaffection for these individuals is unknown. He was selective in his choice of kings, as he had no comments concerning the kings of the other British kingdoms that were thriving at the time, such as Rheged, Gododdin, Elmet, Pengwern/Powys, or the kingdoms of modern-day southern England. Gildas claims outrage over moral depravity, but neither outrage nor a doctrinal dispute would seem to justify beginning the condemnation of the five kings with a personal attack against the mother of one of the kings, calling her an "unclean lioness".
Of Vortiporius Gildas says little other than offering condemnation for "sins" and providing the few personal details previously mentioned. He is alleged to be the bad son of a good father. Perhaps for good measure, Gildas also attacks his daughter, calling her "shameless".
Cunedda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
547: Cunedda's supposed grandson Maelgwn Gwynedd was a contemporary of Gildas,[1][2] and according to the Annales Cambriae died.[3] The reliability of early Welsh genealogies is not uncontested however, and many of the claims regarding the number and identity of Cunedda's heirs did not surface until as late as the 10th century. Nonetheless, if we accept this information as valid, calculating back from this date suggests the mid-5th century interpretation.
1. ^ Giles 1841:24–25, De Excidio, sections 28 and 29 (in English)
2. ^ Giles 1841:244–45, De Excidio, sections 28 and 29 (in Latin)
3. ^ Phillimore 1888:155, Annales Cambriae, year 547 — "Mortalitas magna inqua pausat mailcun rex genedotae"
English people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Traditionally, it is believed that a mass invasion by various Anglo-Saxon tribes largely displaced the indigenous British population in southern and eastern Great Britain (modern day England with the exception of Cornwall). This was supported by the writings of Gildas, the only contemporary historical account of the period, describing slaughter and starvation of native Britons by invading tribes (aduentus Saxonum).
AD 500 Tintagel Current Archaeology
http://www.archaeology.co.uk/the-tim...n/tintagel.htm
Tintagel, on the North coast of Cornwall, is famed in legend as the home of King Mark (of Tristan and Isolde fame) and the possible place where King Arthur was conceived ... Archaeologically it became important in the 1930s, when Raleigh Radford excavated there and found some very unusual pottery, which he recognised as coming from the East Mediterranean in the 5th and 6th centuries AD ... The ‘Artognov’ inscription
This inscription, carved on an ordinary piece of slate, appears to have two inscriptions – or rather graffiti – in two different styles.The earlier one, at the top right, is in better (= Roman period? ) lettering, and appears to read AXE. The more interesting inscription is that below, more faintly visible.
Almost immediately under the earlier inscription is the word PATER (= Father) though this is almost invisible on screen. The second line begins at the same level as PATER, but then curves underneath it. It reads COLIAVIFICIT: presumably FICIT is the Latin FECIT – ‘made this’. The third line reads ARTOgNOV which may (or may not) be a form of Arthur. At the bottom right the words COLI and FICIT are repeated.
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