The Islamic World’s encounter with Modernity was and is at the same time an encounter with a powerful and expanding West. As Western countries industrialized during the Nineteenth century they also competed for hegemonic influence around the globe in the process spreading a secular theology sometimes referred to as Modernity. This theology, which entails the separation of the religious from the political, challenged the totalizing scope of Islamic doctrine. In rejection of the West, some groups...

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The third part of the series, once again I remind you this all had been preposted by myself and I'm still open to any questions.I'm reposting this because the previous one doesn't seem to work...

Now, after the deposed Ummayeds were... deposed. The Abbasaids are the ruler of the Caliphate in 721 C.E.
Here's a map of their full conquest in 840 CE



...

I was told that he was a fictional character through which many made up hadiths were written, and given the time period many hadiths were gathered together (almost 200 years after the prophet death during the Abbasid dynasty), I think that is not a wild speculation either, but who knows

Let me translate a recent historical analysis I read somewhere (link available if you can read Arabic):

The first 4 caliphs who spent most of their time with the prophet (PBUH)
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