Which of these three rulers would you have preferred to be?
- Thread starter Futurist
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Had to check the date of the marriage, and ... not sure if her approval was contingent upon the retreat of Russia from Congress Poland, but yes, Gina and he wed in '15.
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Can't say, other that anti-Slavic sentiments strongly rose when Taaffe was Prime Minister. In many mixed areas people got along perfectly fine up to that point although there was very often a superiority complex on the German side before that already. I'm not familiar enough with Karl to know by whom he was influenced when he was young. I only heard the Peterlin account from a historian on TV. On the other hand he gifted the coastal forts to the State of SHS (which they'd get anyway as he couldn't pick them up and move elsewhere) in autumn 1918. His son Otto was a "Weltbürger" and at least to my knowledge never exhibited anti-Slavic feelings. He was rather supportive of Slovenia's independence (and probably Croatia's as well) and was friends with France Bučar, the father of the Slovene constitution.
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Concerning Franz Ferdinand and his trialist project, I will try to summarize his plans. One thing to note: Ferdinand's trialism project wasn't meant to stop Slav ambitions, no, trialism was meant to stop the ambitions of another influential people group: the Hungarians. Ferdinand considered the Compromise of 1867 a big mistake. In 1897, Hungary received some concessions regarding financial matters, but their main request was that the Hungarian language be given the status of an official language in the army in all military units stationed in Hungary. Certain Austrian officers serving in Hungary, including Franz Ferdinand himself, bitterly opposed this. In 1902 there was a proposal in the Hungarian Parliament. What was proposed? The formation of a separate Hungarian army and the introduction of the Hungarian language in the military. Franz Ferdinand advised Franz Joseph to use military force against the Parliament. The emperor accepted and on February 19 1906 a Honved battalion entered the Parliament and chased the delegates away. However, Franz Joseph wasn't willing to go any further, much to the disappointment of Franz Ferdinand. In 1907 relationship between Franz Joseph and Franz Ferdinand deteriorated. The emperor ordered Ferdinand to go to Budapest to celebrate the 40th anniversaty of the Compromise. The archduke protested. In a July 1907 letter to the emperor, Ferdinand claimed that Hungary was ruled by anti-Habsburgs. That same year, the archduke finally started preparing for his eventual ascent to the throne. Back then, the archduke and the Foreign Minister Aehrental were allies and their main concern was Hungary. However, the very next year, the pair drifted apart and Aehrental started supporting the policy of Franz Joseph i.e. giving concessions to the Hungarians. The Archduke wrote to the emperor on August 17 1909 saying that he cannot agree with Aehrental's plan to give Hungarians more power.
Ferdinand's support was in the military. One thing to note: Franz Ferdinand and Conrad von Hotzendorf WERE ALLIES, CLOSE ALLIES. Conrad only became the Chief of Staff in 1906 because the Archduke pushed for his appointment. This is how Alexander von Brosch-Aarenau described the relationship between Conrad and Ferdinand: „The Archduke found in Conrad a right man with whom he can cooperate in the matters regarding the creation of a single army. It was to the Archduke's credit that this able general was given a position that suits him.“ Conrad also sent a memorandum to the emperor in 1907 opposing any further concession to Hungary. In 1911, Conrad went too far and suggested a preventive war against Italy. The emperor dismissed him, but Franz Ferdinand bitterly opposed Conrad's dismissal and wrote a letter to the emperor begging the emperor not to dismiss Conrad. In this letter, the Archduke listed 4 main enemies of the Empire in his opinion: the Hungarians, Jews, Freemasons and socialists. Conrad was dismissed, but was reinstated the next year, once again because Franz Ferdinand intervened. Ferdinand's thoughts about Hungary are perhaps best shown in his letter to the emperor from December 18 1908: „Hungarian spirit, the entire Hungarian body, has always been the same as the latent opposition to the crown. Teacher „History“ as well as military history best proves that the Hungarian nation, whether under the Arpads, the Angevins or the Habsburgs, has always fought against the rights of the Crown and even struck deals with directly with the Crown's enemies.“ In August 1909 Ferdinand went further and said that all anti-Habsburg movements, in Bohemia, South Slavic parts of the Monarchy, Trieste etc. can be traced back to Hungary. Ferdinand's main supporter, apart from the military circles, was Ottokar Czernin. He was constantly advising the Archduke, telling him that if the Monarchy wanted to survive, a single, unified army must be created. Czernin believed that Hungary must lose its 1867 privileges and be reduced to the status of an ordinary province.
The Archduke also had supporters from other people groups of the Empire. There were Romanians and even Slovaks. Milan Hodža was in contact with the Archduke's Belvedere Circle (so called because the Archduke's main residence was Belvedere). Ferdinand was also a staunch absolutionist and always preferred to solve disputed by force. When in 1906 Franz Joseph sent the Hungarian Minister of Interior Gyula Andrassi to meet Ferdinand, Ferdinand told Andrassy that if his reform plans were not accepted, he would march into Hungary with the military. Ferdinand was also a huge anti-Semite. He despised Jews and this is what he had to say about the Jews of Hungary: „A Jew is always on the side of the strong: if it can bring him profit, he is even an anti-Semite.“ Ferdinand wanted to limit the freedom of the press in order to suppress liberal and socialist ideas. In 1913, the Archduke prepared for conflict with Hungary. He started withdrawing units made of Hungarians from Hungary and put units made up of Croatians in their place. That same year, Karl Tersztyánszky von Nádas became the head of the Budapest Corps. He was the Archduke's man.
So, what was the purpose of trialism? Weakening Hungary. Ferdinand knew that in 1848/49 the court in Vienna used non-Hungarians to fight the Hungarians and he wanted to repeat that. Ferdinand relied on the people groups: Romanians, Slovaks and Croats. Ferdinand started supporting trialism in 1903 and that same year he said as much to Nicholas II of Russia. Why Russia? Well, who was Austria's main ally in the fight against the Hungarians in 1848/49? Oh right, Russia. Ferdinand knew that there were many supporters of trialism, especially in Croatia. In Croatia the Party of Rights supported the idea, especially the supporters of Josip Frank. The Frankists were extremely anti-Serb so Ferdinand decided to use them in order to divide Serbs and Croats, while at the same time weakening Hungary. However, his plans for Croatia suffered a serious setback in 1905/06 after the publishing of the Resolution of Rijeka and the creation of Croat-Serb Coallition. The Resolution put forward a plan of Slavic-Hungarian cooperation against the hegemony of Vienna. This went against all of Ferdinand's plans. Soon after, in Dubrovnik and Herzegovina, there were protests against the Archduke. Frano Supilo was suspected of organizing the protests, but he claimed that the reactions of the people were spontaneous. After this, FERDINAND SECRETLY ABANDONED TRIALISM. But, he never denounced it in public. This is an excerpt from a letter sent by von Brosch-Aarenau to Ferdinand in 1910: „Who could guarantee that this new unit, consisting of Croatia, Bosnia, Dalmatia and Styria, which would cut Austria off from the sea, would really be loyal to the Emperor and support Austria and the interests of the dynasty? A new Rijeka Resolution could come overnight and the Croats are still in the hands of the Hungarian government.“ Theodor von Sosnosky, who was politically close to Ferdinand, said that Ferdinand only flirted with trialism and that his true dream was Greater Austria. Sosnosky said this: „The Archduke abandoned the idea of trialism because South Slavic resistance increased. He lost faith in Croatia.“
Ferdinand's support was in the military. One thing to note: Franz Ferdinand and Conrad von Hotzendorf WERE ALLIES, CLOSE ALLIES. Conrad only became the Chief of Staff in 1906 because the Archduke pushed for his appointment. This is how Alexander von Brosch-Aarenau described the relationship between Conrad and Ferdinand: „The Archduke found in Conrad a right man with whom he can cooperate in the matters regarding the creation of a single army. It was to the Archduke's credit that this able general was given a position that suits him.“ Conrad also sent a memorandum to the emperor in 1907 opposing any further concession to Hungary. In 1911, Conrad went too far and suggested a preventive war against Italy. The emperor dismissed him, but Franz Ferdinand bitterly opposed Conrad's dismissal and wrote a letter to the emperor begging the emperor not to dismiss Conrad. In this letter, the Archduke listed 4 main enemies of the Empire in his opinion: the Hungarians, Jews, Freemasons and socialists. Conrad was dismissed, but was reinstated the next year, once again because Franz Ferdinand intervened. Ferdinand's thoughts about Hungary are perhaps best shown in his letter to the emperor from December 18 1908: „Hungarian spirit, the entire Hungarian body, has always been the same as the latent opposition to the crown. Teacher „History“ as well as military history best proves that the Hungarian nation, whether under the Arpads, the Angevins or the Habsburgs, has always fought against the rights of the Crown and even struck deals with directly with the Crown's enemies.“ In August 1909 Ferdinand went further and said that all anti-Habsburg movements, in Bohemia, South Slavic parts of the Monarchy, Trieste etc. can be traced back to Hungary. Ferdinand's main supporter, apart from the military circles, was Ottokar Czernin. He was constantly advising the Archduke, telling him that if the Monarchy wanted to survive, a single, unified army must be created. Czernin believed that Hungary must lose its 1867 privileges and be reduced to the status of an ordinary province.
The Archduke also had supporters from other people groups of the Empire. There were Romanians and even Slovaks. Milan Hodža was in contact with the Archduke's Belvedere Circle (so called because the Archduke's main residence was Belvedere). Ferdinand was also a staunch absolutionist and always preferred to solve disputed by force. When in 1906 Franz Joseph sent the Hungarian Minister of Interior Gyula Andrassi to meet Ferdinand, Ferdinand told Andrassy that if his reform plans were not accepted, he would march into Hungary with the military. Ferdinand was also a huge anti-Semite. He despised Jews and this is what he had to say about the Jews of Hungary: „A Jew is always on the side of the strong: if it can bring him profit, he is even an anti-Semite.“ Ferdinand wanted to limit the freedom of the press in order to suppress liberal and socialist ideas. In 1913, the Archduke prepared for conflict with Hungary. He started withdrawing units made of Hungarians from Hungary and put units made up of Croatians in their place. That same year, Karl Tersztyánszky von Nádas became the head of the Budapest Corps. He was the Archduke's man.
So, what was the purpose of trialism? Weakening Hungary. Ferdinand knew that in 1848/49 the court in Vienna used non-Hungarians to fight the Hungarians and he wanted to repeat that. Ferdinand relied on the people groups: Romanians, Slovaks and Croats. Ferdinand started supporting trialism in 1903 and that same year he said as much to Nicholas II of Russia. Why Russia? Well, who was Austria's main ally in the fight against the Hungarians in 1848/49? Oh right, Russia. Ferdinand knew that there were many supporters of trialism, especially in Croatia. In Croatia the Party of Rights supported the idea, especially the supporters of Josip Frank. The Frankists were extremely anti-Serb so Ferdinand decided to use them in order to divide Serbs and Croats, while at the same time weakening Hungary. However, his plans for Croatia suffered a serious setback in 1905/06 after the publishing of the Resolution of Rijeka and the creation of Croat-Serb Coallition. The Resolution put forward a plan of Slavic-Hungarian cooperation against the hegemony of Vienna. This went against all of Ferdinand's plans. Soon after, in Dubrovnik and Herzegovina, there were protests against the Archduke. Frano Supilo was suspected of organizing the protests, but he claimed that the reactions of the people were spontaneous. After this, FERDINAND SECRETLY ABANDONED TRIALISM. But, he never denounced it in public. This is an excerpt from a letter sent by von Brosch-Aarenau to Ferdinand in 1910: „Who could guarantee that this new unit, consisting of Croatia, Bosnia, Dalmatia and Styria, which would cut Austria off from the sea, would really be loyal to the Emperor and support Austria and the interests of the dynasty? A new Rijeka Resolution could come overnight and the Croats are still in the hands of the Hungarian government.“ Theodor von Sosnosky, who was politically close to Ferdinand, said that Ferdinand only flirted with trialism and that his true dream was Greater Austria. Sosnosky said this: „The Archduke abandoned the idea of trialism because South Slavic resistance increased. He lost faith in Croatia.“
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True enough but the Austro Hungarian empire was a weird beast , somehow similar to the description of a wildebeest
the Croats were under Hungarian rule and hated it , up to considering and eventually approving an union with their hated Serb brothers
the Muslims of Herzegovin had few friend except in Vienna , the Hungarian eyed Romania with suspicion , and the Austrians with open hostility ,
the Czechs were dreaming of the days before the white mountain when Prague was the Empire capital
the Poles though the Empire was bad for them but somewhat better than the Prussian one or Russian czarist rule
the Slovene didn't know what to believe , except that they were told they were not quite German and felt that they were not Croats
( The Austrian Hitler though they were German enough to be drafted in the Wehrmacht )
one could think the empire would dissolve if there was peace and shatter if there was one
the Croats were under Hungarian rule and hated it , up to considering and eventually approving an union with their hated Serb brothers
the Muslims of Herzegovin had few friend except in Vienna , the Hungarian eyed Romania with suspicion , and the Austrians with open hostility ,
the Czechs were dreaming of the days before the white mountain when Prague was the Empire capital
the Poles though the Empire was bad for them but somewhat better than the Prussian one or Russian czarist rule
the Slovene didn't know what to believe , except that they were told they were not quite German and felt that they were not Croats
( The Austrian Hitler though they were German enough to be drafted in the Wehrmacht )
one could think the empire would dissolve if there was peace and shatter if there was one
It's a bit more complicated actually. Hitler believed in the Windische theory. According to it, Slovenes in Southern Carinthia and Lower Styria weren't Slovenes at all but rather a Germanic tribe called Windische, who were closely related to the Germans and could thus easily be regermanised, espefially since most were found to be racially acceptable by nazi commissions in 1941 (after the occupation all Lower Styrians had to get examined to determine their racial status, in accordance with which they were given one of the three, I think, categories of temporary citizenship, which was ultimately to be sorted out after the war, when they were planning to officially anex Lower Styria and Upper Carniola to the Reich). Slovene dialects in those areas used an awful lot of loanwords from German, which the supporters of the theory interpreted as a Germanic language under heavy Slavic influence (in reality it was of course the oposite). Back then you could do whole sentences by using only German words. Nowadays even the ones of us who still know and use relatively many German loanwords almost can't do it. German ethnic maps from the 30s also show Slovenes in Prekmurje (the easternmost part of Slovenia) as a separate group because Hungarians usually identified them as Vends or Vandals rather than admitting they were Slovenes. Slovenes in Carniola and the Slovene Littoral however were always considered Slovenes by the nazis and it is these "propper" Slovenes/Carniolans (Kranjci) that were seen by Hitler as very hostile to the Germans. That's why they kept only Slovene and Serbian POWs after the April War of 1941. The rest could go home. In Styria they'd expell the inteligencia since those were seen as Slovenes whom they couldn't hope to germanise. The common folks, the Windische, would be turned into Germans as quickly as possible and thus were seen as good enough for the military (Not only Whermacht but also SS and police forces). As a kid I knew my grsndparents' neighbour, who was drafted in the Wehrmacht. So was my other grandma's brother-in-law and the great grandfather of one of my mates. One of my former coworker's grandfather was even in the Afrika Korps. There is at least one account of a Slovene SS member fighting in the battle of Berlin, others at Monte Casino etc. That's not surprising, considering they drafted cca 100.000 Slovenes in all the various German armed forces (of which some 15.000-24.000 died or went missing). That's a lot when you consider there only about 1.5 mil Slovenes at the time.
The sad part is that a minority of Carinthian Slovenes in Austria (most are from the Gailtal, I think) still believe in a variation of the Windische theory and are probably the worst enemies of Slovenes in Austria. The word "Windischer" itself is originally just the old name for Slovenes that the Germans used. In the 19th century they started using the word "Slowenen" and "Windisch" became a derogatory term. A lot of folks in Carinthia stilk call the local Slovene dialects Windisch, without meaning a bad thing.
The sad part is that a minority of Carinthian Slovenes in Austria (most are from the Gailtal, I think) still believe in a variation of the Windische theory and are probably the worst enemies of Slovenes in Austria. The word "Windischer" itself is originally just the old name for Slovenes that the Germans used. In the 19th century they started using the word "Slowenen" and "Windisch" became a derogatory term. A lot of folks in Carinthia stilk call the local Slovene dialects Windisch, without meaning a bad thing.
Nicholas II lived for 50 years, though he died violently and a time traveler in his place might reasonably expect to live for 10 or 20 more years if he had genes for average longevity .
Wilhelm II lived for 82 years.
Franz Joseph lived for 86 years.
Thus they probably had genes for somewhat superior longevity, as well as good luck.
So unless the time traveler had a plan to advance geriatric medicine it would be safer for him to become possess Wilhem I or Franz Joseph than Nicholas II.
Wilhelm II lived for 82 years.
Franz Joseph lived for 86 years.
Thus they probably had genes for somewhat superior longevity, as well as good luck.
So unless the time traveler had a plan to advance geriatric medicine it would be safer for him to become possess Wilhem I or Franz Joseph than Nicholas II.
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