Zannanza Hittite Prince : Pharaoh of Egypt?

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It would have been an embarrassment of gigantic proportions to Suppiluliuma though, especially in view of his quite considerable stature at that time.

I don't think he was very pleased either. He probably considered it a slap in the face. However, he probably didn't make a huge encroachment because he discovered the plague spreading through the land. His prisoners apparently carried it back and it ravaged the Hittites...killing both Suppiluliuma I & his successor, Arnuwanda II,in the process.

I've read somewhere also that the Hyksos could actually have been a Hittite-led Semitic-IE confederation, although many hold them to be a mainly Canaanite-Syrian grouping. But this was several centuries before the time of Suppiluliuma.

I've seen that assertion a couple of times also. I can buy some dealings with IE peoples. After all, where did the chariots come from? However, the Hyksos themselves were Canaanite as far as the archaeology shows (pottery, religion, etc.).
 
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I've read somewhere also that the Hyksos could actually have been a Hittite-led Semitic-IE confederation, although many hold them to be a mainly Canaanite-Syrian grouping. But this was several centuries before the time of Suppiluliuma.

They were said to be semitic, but their origins being Hittite or Hurrian are not confirmed. AFAIK, there was indications that traits were shared with lebanese people who were allowed to marry into Egyptian families, but they were a rapidly evolving group of races who were quick to discard the "old" for the "new".
 
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Do we have any listed symptoms of what the plague was that was brought back? Was there any point in the Hittites history that they could have seriously invaded Egypt? Or even a raid with a view to sacking some cities (I.e Mursilis I, 1595 BC sack of Babylon) or was Egypt a complete different kettle of fish than Babylon and even if the plague was not happening Did Suppiluliuma ever think a proper advance into Egypt would work?
 
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They were said to be semitic, but their origins being Hittite or Hurrian are not confirmed. AFAIK, there was indications that traits were shared with lebanese people who were allowed to marry into Egyptian families, but they were a rapidly evolving group of races who were quick to discard the "old" for the "new".

Present-day Lebanon/N Israel/Extreme W Syria sounds about right. The Egyptians called this area Upper Retenu but this is essentially Canaan. If the Hurrians or the Hittites were there, it is not indicated by the archaeology.

From the archaeological dig @ Tell el-Daba (Avaris - Hyksos capital):

From the late 12th Dynasty onwards a community of Asiatics (carriers of the Syro-palestinian Middle Bronze Age culture IIA) settled there, which led to a considerable enlargement of the town (str. H) (>>stratum H).

The majority of the settlers seemed to serve under the Egyptian Crown to judge from the offerings in the tombs. Probably they were employed as soldiers, sailors, shipbuilders and craftsmen. Their tombs can be found in the midst of the settlement.

During the time of the 13th Dynasty a palatial quarter for officials was constructed (str. G/4). It seems that their function was to supervise trade and expeditions abroad. They were in Egyptian services but were of Asiatic origin. A cemetery with domed chapels as superstructures belonging to those officials was found attached to the building (>>stratum G/4).

Statues of queen Nofru-Sobek and king Hornedjheryotef of the late 12th and early 13th Dynasty, found by Labib Habachi, were probably only transported to this site in later times together with numerous other royal statuary (pic. 1).

The settlement increased steadily. In the second half of the 18th century BC (str. G) a strong influx of syro-palestinian MB-elements is noticable.



With str. F and E/3 a sacred precinct was constructed in the Eastern town (>>area A/II).

It consisted of two temples of Near Eastern type and mortuary chapels of Egyptian typology with adjoining cemeteries. In front of the main temple, remains of oak tree pits were identified. Probably the cult can be associated with the Canaanite godess Ashera in syncretism with the Egyptian goddess Hathor who not only was established in the Near East too but also had an association with mortuary cult.

As dynastic god the Egyptian storm god Seth was introduced. There is every reason to believe that he is at this site only the Egyptian version of the Syrian storm god Hadad/Baal-Zaphon because a seal cylinder with a representation of this Canaanite god was found already in the palace of the early 13th Dynasty (str. G/4). As the seal was locally made, the conclusion can be drawn that the cult of this god was already established in the Eastern Delta (>>stratum G/4).



Of special interest is the development of settlement. From str. F onwards a tendency towards a social differentiation can be observed. Bigger houses are surrounded by smaller houses on the same plots while before in str. G an egalitarian pattern prevailed. With the beginning of the Hyksos Period (str. E/2-1) the town expanded considerably to 250 hectar. This goes hand in hand with a gradual internal intensification in settling. One gets the impression that Egyptianised Asiatics who settled previously at other areas of Egypt concentrated now in the Eastern Delta and contributed to the built up of a "homeland" for the carriers of the Hyksos rule in Egypt.

The evaluation of the ceramical material shows that most of the imports were in the Hyksos Period amphorae from Syria/Palestine, which contained originally wine or olive oil (pic. 2).
 
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Do we have any listed symptoms of what the plague was that was brought back? Was there any point in the Hittites history that they could have seriously invaded Egypt? Or even a raid with a view to sacking some cities (I.e Mursilis I, 1595 BC sack of Babylon) or was Egypt a complete different kettle of fish than Babylon and even if the plague was not happening Did Suppiluliuma ever think a proper advance into Egypt would work?

It's unclear but we might have a few clues relevant to the period.

From the Amarna Letters:

EA 11 said:
Burraburias II to Amenophis IV, No. 5
EA #11 Obverse (vd29): uses 4 line greeting; written `to Amenophis'; starts with, `[There came from] thy father a complaint, Hu'a, [my mess]enger ...', writes in damaged lines, `... [and Mihuni] the [inter]preter, thou hast sent ...'; `... these are the words, which ...', `... that woman ...', `... died of the plague ...', `... showed them the head of ...', `... and enjoyed themselves'; states, `But she who will co[me] to thee, who will bring her to thee? With Haa are five chariots. With five chariots they will bring her to thee?'; `The kings of my neighborhood [shall not say th]us: "A daughter of the great king is brought to Egypt ..."'; `... thy messenger and 3000 warriors with him ...';
EA#11 Reverse (mc34): continues, `... If the old ones are complete, then send (them) [quick]ly. If there are no old ones, then let new ones be made! Send Salmu, the merchant! ... Let the trees be made of ivory and colored! Let field plants be made of ivory and colored, so as to resemble one another and let them be brought! With Haa ... are chariots and people in trifling number. ... For if thou sendest chariots and warriors in the course of this year, then shall ... quickly remove and give answer. [Formerly] thy father sent much gold to Kurigalzu ... so that the neighboring kings heard as follows: "Gold [is here]." [Between] kings there is brotherhood, friendship, alliance, and [friendly] relations, [if] there is a wealth of (precious) stones, silver and [gold]. 10 lump-offerings(?) of beautiful lapislazuli, I have [sent thee] as a present. For the mistress of thy house [I have sent] (only) 20 seal rings of beautiful lapislazuli because she has not done anything for me, that I [reques]ted(?). She did not lift up my head, when [I was so]rrowful.';
Comment:Some date this letter to the years 15-17 of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Kurigalzu may mean Dur-Kurigalzu, the city of Kurigalzu, here.
EA 35 said:
King of Alisia to the King of Egypt, No. 3
EA#35 gc(55): mentions sending 500 talents of copper; mentions (the god) `Nergal' killed all his men and there is no one left to produce copper; wants from king of Egypt silver send to him in exchange, an ox, an `eagle-conjurer'; mentions king of Egypt took his wood; mentions a citizen of Alasia died in Egypt and his possessions are there, wants them back since his family is in Alasia; mentions his son died; mentions treaty with king of Hatte and Sanhar
EA 96 said:
A Chief to Rib Addi
EA#96 gc(33): a chief to Rib-Addi who is his father; mentions city of Sumura; inquires about the plague;
A translation from BASOR, Dec 1962: "[T]o Rib-Haddi, my "[so]n," speak: Thus the commander of the army, thy "father." May the gods be concerned for thy welfare (and) the welf[a]re of the dynasty! B[ec]ause thou sayest, "I will not permit the entrance of the men of Simyra [int]o my city; there is a pestilence in Simyra" --- is it a "pestilence" att[acking] people or att[ackin]g donkeys? What sort of "pe[stil]ence" is attacking donkeys [t]ha[t] [d]onkeys should not go on caravans? So I am requisi[tioning] [the d]onkeys of the king, and truly no possessions of the king may be lost before their owner requisitions them. Surely the king is the owner of the donkeys; (therefore) proceed to requisition the donkeys of the king! Why indeed dost thou act in such a manner toward the servants of the king? Send me troops [t]o guard the city! [Moreover], lo, I have written [t]o the king concerning you, [that h]e may rep[l]y to me on [a tab]let with respect to everyth[ing]."

And then there are the plague prayers of Mursili II:

§1
Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord, [and the gods of Ḫatti,] my [lords!] Muršili, [Great King], your servant, sent to me (the command), "Go! Speak thusly to [the Storm] God of Ḫatti, my lord, and to the gods, my lords! What is this you have done? You let a plague into the midst of the land of Ḫatti! It is very greatly oppressed. Previously my father and my brother each died. Then I became priest to the gods. Now for these 20 years a dying has been going on before me." Because a dying is going on in the midst of Ḫatti, the plague is in no way expelled? from the land of Ḫatti. Will I not overcome the worry within (me)? Furthermore, will I not overcome the anguish in (my) soul?

§2
Moreover, wherever I celebrated the festivals, I went back before all the gods. I did not miss? a single temple. I made a prayer to all the gods concerning the plague. I kept making recitations? [to you] - ["Oh gods,] my [lords,] hear [me]! [Send] the plague [away from the land of] Ḫatti! [May] it [. . . not] overcome [the city of Ḫattuša]!" [From whatever matter the land of Ḫatti is] dying, "May he either establish it (by oracle), or [may I see] it [in a dream, or] let [an oracle] speak it!" But the gods [did not listen] to me. The plague did not abate [in the midst of the land of] Ḫatti. [And the land of Ḫatti] is [very greatly oppressed].

§3
The [few] thick bread men and libation pourers of the gods who were [making offerings] died. [. . . The matter] became important. Of the gods [. . . I inquired by oracle. I found] two old tablets. One tablet is of [a ritual of the Mala River.] Former kings always? [held] the ritual of the Mala River for plague. [Now] while from the days of my father [there has been a dying] in the land of Ḫatti, we have in no way celebrated the ritual of the Mala River.

§4
The second tablet is of the town of Kuruštama, when the Storm God of Ḫatti carried the men of the town of Kuruštama into the land of Egypt. When the Storm God of Ḫatti made an oath for the men of Ḫatti concerning them, again it is an obligation from the Storm God of Ḫatti! Because the men of Ḫatti and the men of Egypt had been made to swear an oath by the Storm God of Ḫatti, the men of Ḫatti came to take preeminence. The men of Ḫatti quickly transgressed the oath of the god. My father sent troops (and) chariots, and they struck the land of Amka, the border land of Egypt. Again he sent (them). Again they attacked. When the men of Egypt were afraid, they came and they strongly desired a son from my father for kingship. When my father sent a son of his to them, as they escorted him, they killed him. My father was enraged. He went into the land of Egypt, and he struck the land of Egypt. He killed the troops and chariotry of the land of Egypt. Then, too, the Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord, judged in favor of my father in the case. He conquered the troops and chariotry of the land of Egypt, and he killed them. But then, when they brought back into the land of Ḫatti the men whom he took, a plague broke out in the midst of the prisoners, and they began to die.

§5
When the prisoners arrived in the midst of the land of Ḫatti, the prisoners brought a plague into the land of Ḫatti. From that day there has been a dying in the midst of the land of Ḫatti. When I found this tablet of the land of Egypt, I investigated it by oracle by means of the god: "Why is this matter proceeding from the Storm God of Ḫatti?" Because the men of Egypt and the men of Ḫatti are in an obligation from the Storm God of Ḫatti, and because the domestic goddesses are in the midst of the temple of the Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord. Verily the men of Ḫatti quickly transgressed the matter; "How did he bring anger to the Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord?"

§6
I investigated the ritual of the [River Mala] by oracle for the plague. Then, too, it was established for me to step before the Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord. So I have now turned the sin [from before the Storm God.] It is so! We did [it!] [. . . it] is [not] occurring in my time, [it is] occurring from the time of my father [. . .] on the contrary I know. [. . .] the matter. The Storm God of Ḫatti [. . .] angry [. . .] a dying is going on. [. . .] (Break)

§7'
[. . .] obey! Expel the plague [from the land of Ḫatti!]

§8'
[When] I inquired by oracle, [then] what words were established [for me], I will [give it for indemnification. . . .] I will give it for indemnification. What [was established by the god] for the plague, the ritual [. . .] for the Storm God of Ḫatti [. . .] I offered. [. . .] I offered. [. . .] to you, Storm God of Ḫatti [. . .] Because the ritual of the River Mala was established for me [for the plague], and because I am about to celebrate (it) for the River Mala, may you, Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord, and gods, my lords, let back the ritual of the River Mala for me! Let me perform the ritual of the River [Mala]! Let me celebrate it! For what matter I am doing it for the plague, take pity on me oh gods, my lords! Abate the plague in the midst of the land of Ḫatti!

§9'
Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord, (and) gods, my lords, just so it occurs - sinning. My father, too, sinned. He transgressed the word of the Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord. But I did not sin in any way. Just so it occurs. The sin of the father reaches his son. The sin of my father reached me. I will now turn it before the Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord, and the gods, my lords. It is so! We did it! Because I am turning the sin of my father, therefore may the spirit be pacified for the Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord, and the gods, my lords. Further, take pity on me! Further, send away the plague from the land of Ḫatti! Whatever few thick bread men and libation pourers are working, do not let them die on me!

§10'
I am about to send up a prayer to the Storm God, my lord, for the plague. Her me, oh Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord! Save me! Thus to you [. . .] A bird again takes hold of a thicket?, and the thicket saves him. If either something is difficult for some servant, and he makes a plea to his lord, and his lord hears him, and [he takes pity] on him, what is difficult becomes good; or if a sin (exists) for some servant, and he turns the sin from before his lord, because his lord will then make him, he makes him. Because he turns the sin from before his lord, the spirit is pacified for his lord, and his lord does not hold it against that servant. I turned the sin of my father. It is so! I did it! [If] there is some compensation, because formerly, too, from that plague [. . .] what captives they brought from the land of Egypt, and what civilian deportees [they brought], because this city of Ḫattuša gave compensation by means of the plague, [it compensated] twenty times over already, in the same way it will occur. Is the spirit not at all pacified for the Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord, [and] the gods, my lords? If either you bind some special compensation on me, or may you speak it to me in a dream, I will give it to you!

§11'
I will keep praying to you, Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord. Grant life to me! [And if] perhaps from this matter a dying is occurring, while I am making it better, what thick bread men and libation pourers of the gods are working, therefore may they not die! [Further,] if from some other matter the dying is occuring, either let me see it by means of a dream, or establish it by means of an oracle, or may an oracle speak it, or because I command all the priests, and they sleep in a consecrated (state), too, save me, Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord! May the gods, my lords, reveal (their) divine providence! Then let someone see it in a dream. From what matter there is a dying occurring, may he find it! We will put in order (that of?) the needle? from the cushioned seat. Save me, Storm God of Ḫatti, my lord! Further, expel the plague from the land of Ḫatti!

Colophon

1 tablet, (text) complete. [When] Muršili [. . . made a prayer] for the plague [. . .]
I don't think the Hittites were really looking to conquer Egypt. Between being too big for them to handle and the domestic problems that were often popping up closer to home, I think they were pragmatic about Egypt itself. Now, making vassals out of the city-states in Canaan is an all together different matter. That's what the battle of Kadesh under Ramses II was all about!
 
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Present-day Lebanon/N Israel/Extreme W Syria sounds about right. The Egyptians called this area Upper Retenu but this is essentially Canaan. If the Hurrians or the Hittites were there, it is not indicated by the archaeology.

From the archaeological dig @ Tell el-Daba (Avaris - Hyksos capital):

Thanks for that source. It's an interesting dilemma really, and I think that the true origins of the Hyskos is still uncertain. But we both seem to agree that the Lebanese connection seems to fit. Amenemhat II records the that there was a mission on the Lebanese coast and as well as booty, a number of "asiatics" were brought back, numbering in the thousands. I think it's therefore safe to assume, that with the border patrols, the Egyptians may have also helped the migration of what would come to be the Hyskos.
 
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Thanks for that source. It's an interesting dilemma really, and I think that the true origins of the Hyskos is still uncertain. But we both seem to agree that the Lebanese connection seems to fit. Amenemhat II records the that there was a mission on the Lebanese coast and as well as booty, a number of "asiatics" were brought back, numbering in the thousands. I think it's therefore safe to assume, that with the border patrols, the Egyptians may have also helped the migration of what would come to be the Hyskos.

There's absolutely no doubt that they were invited in, at least in the beginning. During the 12th dynasty there are depictions on the tomb walls of Canaanites/Asiatics coming to Egypt and the depictions really look like potential migration. Although, it's not exactly clear what exactly is going on. Also, during the 13th Dynasty, the relationship seemed to change where there was infiltration of Semitic names and a line of short-lived kings with long-term viziers as the power behind the throne. Really, if you read the story of Joseph at the end of Genesis, the actual situation seems like it may have been along the same line as the biblical story. Also, the clothing on the Canaanites/Asiatics appears to be a dead ringer for the "coat of many colors" mentioned in the bible.

Here is an example...notice the women & children:

Ibscha_relief_of_Khnumhotep_II.jpg
 
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There's absolutely no doubt that they were invited in, at least in the beginning. During the 12th dynasty there are depictions on the tomb walls of Canaanites/Asiatics coming to Egypt and the depictions really look like potential migration. Although, it's not exactly clear what exactly is going on. Also, during the 13th Dynasty, the relationship seemed to change where there was infiltration of Semitic names and a line of short-lived kings with long-term viziers as the power behind the throne. Really, if you read the story of Joseph at the end of Genesis, the actual situation seems like it may have been along the same line as the biblical story. Also, the clothing on the Canaanites/Asiatics appears to be a dead ringer for the "coat of many colors" mentioned in the bible.

Here is an example...notice the women & children:

Ibscha_relief_of_Khnumhotep_II.jpg

All decent points, and I've seen some of them highlighted before. I think the fact that the migration was gradual, shows it was not one of outright conquest, though when they did capture Memphis and start their climb to control in southern Egypt, their bronze weapons were clearly superior to the Egyptian weaponry.

I read a paper once which theorised the genesis coming somewhere from the Southern Levant, though I can't seem find that paper atm.
 
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All decent points, and I've seen some of them highlighted before. I think the fact that the migration was gradual, shows it was not one of outright conquest, though when they did capture Memphis and start their climb to control in southern Egypt, their bronze weapons were clearly superior to the Egyptian weaponry.

No doubt! The Hyksos were definitely a bit more advanced than the Egyptians at the time. That may be why they received the welcome...because of the technical expertise. But, again, look at the political rise of Joseph in the biblical story...there are a lot of parallels.

I read a paper once which theorised the genesis coming somewhere from the Southern Levant, though I can't seem find that paper atm.

It's very likely. There is evidence of multiple waves...in the Egyptian timeline, the actual archaeology and, if there really is a connection, in the biblical story as well.
 
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I've seen that assertion a couple of times also. I can buy some dealings with IE peoples. After all, where did the chariots come from? However, the Hyksos themselves were Canaanite as far as the archaeology shows (pottery, religion, etc.).
As for religion, the Heka Khasewet (Hyksos) were said to worship a storm god, which was ... surprise, surprise ... also a characteristic feature of the Hittites, who worshipped Teshub, or was it Teushpa, their storm/weather god.

I think the fact that the migration was gradual, shows it was not one of outright conquest, though when they did capture Memphis and start their climb to control in southern Egypt, their bronze weapons were clearly superior to the Egyptian weaponry.

The Hyksos were definitely a bit more advanced than the Egyptians at the time. That may be why they received the welcome...because of the technical expertise. But, again, look at the political rise of Joseph in the biblical story...there are a lot of parallels.

Reminds one of the Aryan migration to northwestern India, followed by gradual ascension to dominance. The Heka Khasewet (Hyksos) were said to have achieved theirs by better military hardware, such as the composite recurve bow, better-developed arrowhead, improved blade weapons such as the scimitar, an improved shield, the metal helmet, and most importantly the horse-drawn battle chariot.
 
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As for religion, the Hyksos were said to worship a storm god, which was ... surprise, surprise ... also a characteristic feature of the Hittites, who worshipped Teshub, or was it Teushpa, their storm/weather god.

Yes, but the presence of storm gods in the Near/Middle East predated the IE encroachment. Also, Seth in Egypt existed long before any IE contact. Now this is a speculation on my part, but where I see the religion mixing is the concept of the universality of god (still many gods but they are also all one), especially through the Indo-Iranian branch of IE. That concept is common throughout that branch of IE (Avesta, Vedas, etc.). And really, I suspect that the Atenism of the Amarna period may have been influenced by this Indo-Iranian idea via Egypt's connections with Mitanni. There appear to be multiple generations of people with Mitanni heritage coming into Egypt with at least 1 and, possibly, 3 marriages into the royal family during the 18th Dynasty. I suspect Yuya may have been one of these folks as it seems clear that he is not native Egyptian and his time period fits perfectly with the mixing...there are also other reasons having to do with his technical expertise and titles.
 
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Also, Seth in Egypt existed long before any IE contact.
I thought that Seth was more of a sun god rather than a storm god, Egypt having been a land of regular sunshine not that particularly frequented by storms. But the Hyksos, being Hyksos, cleverly presented, to the Egyptians, their storm god, whatever his name was, as a Hyksotic version of Seth.

And really, I suspect that the Atenism of the Amarna period may have been influenced by this Indo-Iranian idea via Egypt's connections with Mitanni.
Which gave some grounds, perhaps in a roundabout way, to the speculation that Nefertiti, queen of Akhenaten a.k.a. Amenhotep IV was the same woman as Taduk Hepa, princess of Mitanni, who supposedly was the one who brought with her Mitannian ideas of Indo-Iranian monotheism and introduced them to Akhenaten. Taduk Hepa had married Akhenaten's father Amenhotep III when he was a very old man, so when he died she married his son Akhenaten, and she had her name changed to Nefertiti. Well, if that line of speculation is true.

But then Nefertiti, being a pragmatic realist, had to play savvy realpolitik to survive, and had to shift from monotheistic Atenism to polytheistic Amunism on the death of Akhenaten, moving back from Amarna to Thebes.

There appear to be multiple generations of people with Mitanni heritage coming into Egypt with at least 1 and, possibly, 3 marriages into the royal family during the 18th Dynasty. I suspect Yuya may have been one of these folks as it seems clear that he is not native Egyptian and his time period fits perfectly with the mixing...there are also other reasons having to do with his technical expertise and titles.
Giluk Hepa and her niece Taduk Hepa being two of them.
 
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I'd have thought that Seth was more of a sun god rather than a storm god, Egypt having been a land not that particularly frequented by storms. But the Hyksos, being Hyksos, cleverly presented, to the Egyptians, their storm god, whatever his name was, as a Hyksotic version of Seth.

The opposing god, Horus, is the one that was often linked to the sun (Re/Ra). There were a number of others linked to the sun as well over time (Atum, Amen, etc.). Seth was an original member of the Ennead pantheon in Heliopolis (the biblical city of On from the story of Joseph; he married a daughter of the High Priest of On). However, Seth predates that as well going back to the Naqada/pre-dynastic periods, at least.

Which gave some grounds, perhaps in a roundabout way, to the speculation that Nefertiti, queen of Akhenaten a.k.a. Amenhotep IV was the same woman as Taduk Hepa, princess of Mitanni, who supposedly was the one who brought with her Mitannian ideas of monotheism and introduced them to Akhenaten. Taduk Hepa had married Akhenaten's father Amenhotep III when he was a very old man, so when he died she married his son Akhenaten, and she had her name changed to Nefertiti. Well, if that line of speculation is true.

But then Nefertiti, being a pragmatic realist, had to play savvy realpolitik to survive, and had to shift from monotheistic Atenism to polytheistic Amunism on the death of Akhenaten, moving back from Amarna to Thebes.

Don't forget Kiya. We'll need a Rosetta Stone to sort all of that out!
 
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The opposing god, Horus, is the one that was often linked to the sun (Re/Ra). There were a number of others linked to the sun as well over time (Atum, Amen, etc.). Seth was an original member of the Ennead pantheon in Heliopolis (the biblical city of On from the story of Joseph; he married a daughter of the High Priest of On). However, Seth predates that as well going back to the Naqada/pre-dynastic periods, at least.
Ok, one does get one's Horus and one's Seth mixed up sometimes.:lol:
 
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No doubt! The Hyksos were definitely a bit more advanced than the Egyptians at the time. That may be why they received the welcome...because of the technical expertise. But, again, look at the political rise of Joseph in the biblical story...there are a lot of parallels.

Agreed. It's interesting what can be found when looked. I'm not gonna focus solely on that link, because things like this are tenuous, but I do see your point regarding it. :)



It's very likely. There is evidence of multiple waves...in the Egyptian timeline, the actual archaeology and, if there really is a connection, in the biblical story as well.

For me, all the meso races were interlinked in some way or another during their history. Sort of like six degress of separation, lol.

It is an overlooked part of ancient history, due to classical period. I'm firmly interested in Assyrian culture though.
 

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