Most dominant Y-DNA hologrup in Russia as far as I know is R1a. In fact largest concentration of R1a can be found in Russia (up to 70%). I newer found anybody associating it with Fins or Uralic people. Rather it tends to be associated with Slavs and Indo-Aryans -two ancient Indo-European groups.Geneticlly speaking most Russians are not included in the indo-european cluster like the finns.
They have embraced the indo-european culture/language but geneticlly speaking their dominant haplogroup is N-M231 - Finno-ural people.
Russia produced some European writers and artists of the very finest quality. It's intellectual elites - a tiny fraction of society - have been europeanised (ans thus regarded with suspicion by the overwhelming majority)
However, as far as political and social system is concerned, Russia has never belonged to Europe. Its system of rule has had nothing in common with the European societies which (starting with late Middle Ages), gradually evolved towards increased accountability of rulers, rule of law and increasing political representation. The Russian (= Moscow) system of rule has always had far more in common with the empires of the East.
I disagree - Asian and European political systems are fundamentally incompatible. Not judgmental in any way - all I mean is living under the Russian system of rule is intolerable for people whose mentality has been shaped by Europe's republican tradition.
So is Prussia a European state? We're talking a splinter of a medieval system of choosing a ruler that only emerged as a state at all purely because it bloated itself on its army, and nothing more. Prussia also founded the Germany that went on to fail at being an absolute monarchy in the span of less than 50 years, where Russian absolutism lasted for centuries, that failed at being a Republic, and failed at totalitarian bloodthirsty conquest. So is Prussia European? What about the Habsburg autocratic system in its various forms?
So was Franz Josef a European ruler or was he an Asian ruler? What about Friedrich der Grosse?
There was a huge difference between Western absolutist monarchies and Russian patrimonial autocracy. Neither Prussian nor Habsburg monarchs ever had the unlimited license towards their subjects which Russian Tsars had.
As the territory of Poland was partitioned between these three states and occupied by them for about a century, Poles had an excellent occasion to compare and contrast.A great deal was written here on the subject.
I think the Anglo-saxon countries are the so called ''western''
In the last 100 years the word western was mainly based on the german development in WW2 and the cold war between America and Soviet.
Going further back the Brittish empire was the ''pollinators'' of western culture, because of them Europe was recognized in its greatest form.
But yeah, many inventions are from the jewish community. Jews have 30-33 % of all Nobel prizes divided. But are we ready to call the ''swarthy'' jews for europeans?![]()
I think Turkey is also a European country but it is easier to rule Russia in since it also got the same religion with Europe.
Perhaps in Habsburg terms, but I'm not so sure the Army with a Country can be called that.
Perhaps in Habsburg terms, but I'm not so sure the Army with a Country can be called that.
In the Prussian army prügeln was regularly used as corporal punisment. Were Prussian soldiers executed by this method in the second half of the 19th century?
In Austrian, Prussian (or French) 19th century armies, court martialled soldiers were shot. In the Russian army, they were beaten to death with sticks - forced to run to and fro between two rows of soldiers with canes, beating them until they died.
Many Poles forced to serve in the Russian army experienced this. In 1862 private Leona Szczura (Pole of Jewish origin) got the penalty of 600 sticks and 12 years of katorga (slave labour in Siberian mines) Szczur belonged to a Polish patriotic conspiracy, his officer friends were shot for this, he - not being a nobleman - died differently.